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[Music]

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Hi everyone and welcome to this episode of
the University Scholars Series.

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It's exciting.

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Today, we have Professor Virginia San Fratello

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from design, whose presentation, "Play, Clay, and
Chardonnay."

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I am very confident it's going to be really
outstanding and interesting.

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We have a few housekeeping issues that we
have to take care of.

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First, the first is Thank you.

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Of course, my colleagues in the Office of
the Provost have been doing a ton of work to

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make sure this gets off the ground as is the
colleagues in the King Library.

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We have the College of Humanities, the Spartan
bookstore, and the Division of Research and

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Innovation as well.

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who've all helped make this possible.

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A couple of quick announcements if you need
captioning, it is available.

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You see the live transcript button on the
bottom of your screen.

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You can push that at any time and we will
be recording this webinar today so that we

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have an archive of it as well.

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So please make sure that you understand that
everything is being

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captured.

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If you have a question
today, we're going to use the Q&A function

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and you can just simply click on the Q&A and
type your question.

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I'll be moderating and working with Virginia
to make sure we get questions answered.

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in a timely manner.

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Before going any further,

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it's important that we recognize our local
community and our local tribe through the

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land acknowledgment.

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The San Jose State University community recognizes
that the present-day Muwekma Ohlone Tribe

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within enrolled Bureau of Indian Affairs,
documented membership over 550 is comprised

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of all of the known surviving American Indian
lineages Aboriginal to the San Francisco Bay

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region, who trace their ancestry through the
Mission Santa Clara,

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San Jose, and Dolores,

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during the advent of the Hispanic-European
empire into Alta California.

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and who are the successors and living members
of the sovereign historic, previously Federally

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Recognized Verona Band of Alameda County.

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Furthermore, the San Jose State University 

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community recognizes that 
the university established

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within the Thamien Ohlone-speaking
tribal ethnohistoric territory, which based

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on the unwrap federal treaties of 1851 to
1852, includes the unceded ancestral lands

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of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe.

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of the San Francisco Bay Area.

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Some of the lineages are descended from direct
ancestors, from the Thamien Ohlone tribal

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territories whose ancestors had affiliation
with mission.

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Santa Clara the San Jose State University
community also recognizes.

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The importance of this land to the indigenous
[inaudible] people of this region.

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And consistent with our principles of community
and diversity, strives to be good stewards

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on behalf of the molecular alone, a tribe
whose land we occupy.

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With that, let me please just take a moment
to introduce today's speaker,  

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Virginia San Fratello,

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who again is a professor and currently chair
of the Department of Design here at San Jose

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State University.

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She has had an amazing career we're very fortunate
to have her here as she's been here since

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2010, having completed degrees at North Carolina
State at Columbia before making your way through

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a number of different positions in some very
outstanding institutions, including claims

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in Queens, in Brisbane, Berkeley, and MIT.

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As I said, she's been here.

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2010, she does a lot of work in the area of
design.

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She has her own firms that work in architecture,
and she's not just an author, but an activist

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and a thought leader in a number of different 

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areas, including additive 
manufacturing, architecture.

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In interior design.

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In 2014, uh, one of our creative practices,
Rail cyan for with Ronald Rael was she was

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named an emerging voice by the Architectural
League of New York, which is one of the most

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coveted awards in North American architecture.

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In 2016.

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The also one, the Digital Practice Award.

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And in 2020 were awarded the Art and Technology
Award from the Los Angeles County Museum of

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Art.

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Most recently, the pig seesaws project has
one, the Beasley design of the Year Award

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as well.

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Not only is she announced.

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Designers, she's also an author.

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And her most recent book is coauthored called
"Printing Architecture:

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Innovative recipes for 3D printing."

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I could go on and do a lot more of introduction,
but I think everyone in the audience really

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would like to hear from Professor San Fratello.

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So I'm going to turn it over

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to her now and thank her for being here today.
Thank you so much, Vin, for that introduction.

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I'm really excited to have the opportunity
to lecture at my own university

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and to share the research and creative activities
that I've been doing for the last 11 years

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now with friends, colleagues,
and students.

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So thank you very much for inviting me to
be here today.

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Let me share my screen and we can get started.

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Okay.

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Can you see that?

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All right.

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So the title of my lecture today 
is "Play, Clay, and Chardonnay."

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And I'd like to start by talking about Chardonnay.

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So one of the things that I've been instrumental
in developing over the last 11 years at SPS

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is a methodology for thinking about how we
can use local materials or materials that

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are in the waste stream.

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And additive manufacturing.

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And a of course, we all know that Chardin
a is material is local to Santa Clara County,

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as well as to Napa and Sonoma as well.

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In terms of wine production, what you might
not know is that the skin to the seeds of

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the grapes are actually an agricultural waste
material.

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These.

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Go into the wine itself and they're left in
the field to rot.

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And sometimes they're used as fodder for,
I guess feed for animals.

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And so I've been able to take this material,
the skins and the seeds, and work with the

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manufacturer who's drawing it in order to
create a palette., that can be used for baking.

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But it's also a suitable material for 3D printing.

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And here you can see these chardonnay wine
goblet that have been 3D printed out of the

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Chardin egg grape skins and seeds themselves.

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This is a pretty printed building block made
out of the grape skins.

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The texture on the surface is that of a great
skin and this building block is been radially

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raid to create this wine bucket, which was
made for the champagne manufacturer Pierre

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shoe way.

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Salt is another material that's local to the
San Francisco Bay area.

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This is a material that has been harvested
from the bay for over a 150 years.

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At the height of its production, 150 million
tons of salt.

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Was harvested.

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Now, it's more like a 150 thousand tons each
year because about 30 acres of the crystallized

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fields have been given back to the Bay Area
for a wetlands reclamation.

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But this material has been used to make materials
and objects like these three.

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3d printed salt shakers, which you can see
here.

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These are functional.

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The assault is bound on the exterior and then
it's loose on the interior.

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So the salt can be shaken out.

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This is another material that's in the waste
stream.

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Of course, a lot of the wood material in the
Bay Area that we use comes from this year

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in Nevadas.

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And about 7 million tons of wood waste are
generated every year by the construction industry.

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And percentage of that can be.

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Used for additive manufacturing.

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And we've worked to think about how we might
take the sawdust and combine it with other

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inherently sticky materials that can be used
in the fabrication of 3D printed saw desk

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components, which can see here in this.

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Or dish for example.

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So normally when we work with wood subtract,
we use it by cutting, milling, stalling, and

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this case we're taking those particles and
adding them together to create very complex

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and intricate structure.

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Coffee.

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This is another material that is in the waste
stream of course here in the Bay Area, I drink

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a cup of coffee every morning and I have coffee
grounds which traditionally were thrown away.

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But this is also a universal material that
can be considered for recycling and additive

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manufacturing because.

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Coffee has made its way all around the world.

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So you can use coffee grounds, as I mentioned,
in 3D printing, in which I've used here to

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create this 3D printed coffee, coffee pot.

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I've also worked with manufacturers to use
the coffee cherry for 3D printing.

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So the cherry that's like the shark is part
of the fruit that surrounds the beam.

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And the bean of course, goes along to be roasted.

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The fruit is left in the field to rot and
it is an agriculture.

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Waste material and that fruit can, again like
the be dehydrated and pulverized and turned

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into a flower that can be used for powder
base 3D printing.

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And that coffee cherry is used to 3D print
these copied coffee cups which you can see

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here.

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Sugar is another material that's quite easy
to 3D print with, because of its inherent

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stickiness.

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And what you see here are 3D printed sugar
spoons and volumes corresponding to one teaspoon,

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two teaspoons one tablespoon and beyond.

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And you can stir your 3D printed sugar spoon
down into your coffee, coffee cup to flavor

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your coffee.

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Tea, like coffee is another global material 

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that has waste in the field, 
but also to [inaudible]

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can be found on the factory floor.

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Or leaves of course are another waste product
that we all find in our homes at restaurants

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throughout the world.

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So the tea can be used for additive manufacturing,
which is shown here quite literally in these

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3D printed teaspoons.

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Again, in volumes corresponding to one.

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Two teaspoons.

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And there are, of course, tea cups, and teapots.

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Curry is another material that I was interested
in developing for additive manufacturing.

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Mostly because a lot of the agricultural materials
that I had printed with were a shade of brown.

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And I was interested in seeing if I could
experiment with other colors.

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And of course, the curious quite bright because
of the tumor in it.

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But one thing that I realized is that I was
printing with the occurring.

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And you can see here in this for incorrect
casserole dish.

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This vivid orange ness of it.

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But one thing that I realized while making
it was the fragrance or the aroma of the Curry.

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Just pervaded all of the spaces that I was
working in.

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So the entire labs felt like curry and I've
taken this to interiors and it is an object.

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That literally seasons the room in which it's
placed.

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And the intent here is not only to use this
object to conceive or flavor of space, but

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it's also intended to give flavor to what's
inside the dish itself.

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So if you look closely, you can see that the
interior of this dish is left unfinished.

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So that if.

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You put rice or noodles in it, they would
start to take on the flavor of the 3D printed

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dish or object itself.

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And those objects are housed and a small 3D
printed building.

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Here in Oakland, California, which is called
the cabin of 3D printed curiosities.

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And this is one of the moments where we have
been able to take our experiments with additive

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manufacturing and novel materials.

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And scale it up and move out of the realm
of objects and into the realm design.

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And architecture.

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So here you see some of the objects that I've
talked about on the table and the shelves

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in the back wall, the interior of the cabinet
itself is 3D printed out of bio plastic.

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And this material in the United States is
usually made out of corn, but it can be made

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out of other starting agricultural materials
as well.

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The walls have kind of beautiful soft, luster,
which is a product of this material.

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And you can see.

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A floral in Boston to the surface of these
tiles that are on the wall.

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And this is in reference to traditional press
tile.

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Ceilings or walls that you might find in this
traditional Victorian neighborhood where the

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cabin is located.

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One of the main differences aside from the
material, of course, is that the tiles in

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this case are all unique because 3D printing
doesn't care if you're printing a 1000 of

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the same thing or 1000 different things.

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So variation, complexity are free in a traditional
Preston wall.

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Ceiling, every tao would be the same because
it would have been created from one master.

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The furniture here the chair is also 3D printed
out of bio plastic and the coffee table itself

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is made using nylon.

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One thing we discovered during the process
of making this building is that the bio plastic

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is always translucent.

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It doesn't matter if you're buying the opaque
version of the bio plastic or the translucent,

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when backlit, you can always see through it.

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So we decided to backlight these bio plastic
panels with LED light to illuminate the interior,

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and the lights change color to change the
mood, and can be used for different programming

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throughout different times of day, which you
can see here.

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And as you back out of the cabin and we start
to look at the front facade.

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The surface is made out of some of the different
materials that we've been experimenting with

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over the years.

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So there are planter tiles that holds succulents
which thrive in the Northern California landscape.

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And the titles are made out of.

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Different materials.

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So for example, the dark brown tiles that
you see on the surface are made out of sharp

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and the light brown piles are made out of
sawdust from this [inaudible] in Nevada.

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And the sort of off white tiles are made out
of Cement and sometimes we just recycle these

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materials together.

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We might mix cement in charge and create a
new color pile and we recycle our own materials

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into new prints.

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And we had the good fortune to build this
cabin around 2018 at the time that San Francisco

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in Berkeley and Oakland were all rethinking
their building codes for accessible.

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Three dwelling units, and they increase the
square footage that one could build with.

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And they also decided to eliminate department
building, department design review.

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So because we didn't have to go through the
building department, we didn't have to submit

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these materials.

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For approval by the city.

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So we thought this was a really good opportunity 

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to test these materials that 
we had been experimenting

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with in the lab.

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In the actual outdoors and think about how
they would survive over time in our climate,

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which is foggy and humid and wet.

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But also.

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So here you can see the tiles.

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The first day that we installed them.

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And then over the years you can see how they've
weathered and changed and how entropy has

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affected the coloration.

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But they're actually quite beautiful in their
age state and they've reached this sort of.

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I think that that gives them the warrant really
warm coloration.

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The east and west walls of the building and
the roof are made of 3D printed clay from

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California.

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These clay tiles are called the seed stitch
styles and we call them seed stitch because

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this is a traditional technique that's used
in meeting because it looks as a seeds have

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been strewn across the surface of the tiles.

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And they have this bumpy equality.

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In this case we printed about 5 thousand tiles
to cover the buildings.

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But there's only one design and we use the
gravity or ambient humidity or weight of the

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material itself to allow for variation to
occur like in the way the tiles sort of flip

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up on the corner here.

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And these tiles make this very beautiful zigzag
pattern across the surface of the building.

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00:19:14,320 --> 00:19:18,720
And there's a really lovely play of light
and shadow and the vines and the plants from

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the garden are starting to, weave their way
into the structure to create a bridge between

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the landscape and the architecture itself.

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00:19:30,800 --> 00:19:36,320
So play, this is another material that we've
been experimenting with from the very beginning,

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00:19:37,120 --> 00:19:45,680
about 11 years ago in 2010 of the first materials
we printed with a powdered ball clay and powdered

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porcelain, and we use them much in the same
way that you've seen in the last projects

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00:19:50,880 --> 00:19:51,840
that have presented.

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But more recently we've started to paste extrude
clay, which you can see here.

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00:19:58,480 --> 00:20:07,040
And we've also developed a way of not having
to 3D model forms in the computer, but literally

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working.

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The G-code, which is the language that the
3D printers to take that line of clay for

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a walk.

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And what we discovered is that we have the
ability to make these very loopy looking services

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that are textured.

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And sometimes failures happen, right?

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Like the clay Bright's, which you can see
here because the loop is too long.

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00:20:35,760 --> 00:20:41,760
But we've decided to embrace those errors
and to incorporate them into our designs.

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Which you can see here.

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One of the beautiful things about working
with the G code itself is that we're able

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to very easily and very quickly to have a
tremendous amount of variation.

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So if you look at, think there are about 90
or a 100.

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The specials that we may actually only about
three or four different forms.

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00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:16,800
But what makes them different and unique and
distinct is that the texture of the loops

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and the patterns on the surface of these festivals
is different every time.

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00:21:20,960 --> 00:21:24,640
So we're able to have variation within repetition.

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00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:33,280
One of the things that we've always wanted
to do is to scale this up.

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So we've used this material and this technology
to make small objects such as tables, have

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00:21:39,080 --> 00:21:41,280
accessories, bases, and utensils.

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00:21:41,920 --> 00:21:44,720
But one of the big questions has been how.

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Do we take this to the scale of architecture?

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And you can see here in this image on the
left example of a building and Africa historic

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00:21:54,320 --> 00:21:59,760
building that is made out of mud that has
this beautiful, decorative surface, which

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in some ways is reminiscent of some of the
textures that we're creating through 3D printing

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00:22:04,480 --> 00:22:04,880
as well.

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00:22:04,880 --> 00:22:05,440
Well.

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And the decorative surface is not only beautiful,
but it's also quite functional.

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00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:15,600
If you look closely, you can see that it's
the scaffolding that the local villagers used

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00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:19,920
to climb up the building to read plaster it
every year after the monsoon.

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00:22:21,840 --> 00:22:29,440
And so finally, this year in 2019, well no
2020, this past year, this past summer, we

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00:22:29,440 --> 00:22:35,200
were able to create a large screen printed
structure out of mud using the software and

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00:22:35,200 --> 00:22:39,840
using this technology.

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00:22:40,640 --> 00:22:48,800
And we call this project my friend here's
mud stands for, course, because we're printing

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00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:58,240
with but also mobility ubiquity and democracy
because we're working at, I think the frontiers

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00:22:59,120 --> 00:23:00,480
between the United States.

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00:23:00,480 --> 00:23:03,120
Mexico, the historic friend here, here.

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00:23:03,120 --> 00:23:08,960
This is happening in the San Luis Valley,
which is a large, high Alpine Valley that

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00:23:08,960 --> 00:23:11,840
spans Southern Colorado and Northern New Mexico.

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00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:19,840
We're also working at technological friend
years and we are thinking about how we can

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00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:26,480
continue indigenous building practices and
combine it with additive manufacturing and

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00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:29,280
digital fabrication technologies.

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00:23:29,840 --> 00:23:35,680
So close to us in the family spelling is the
Taos Pueblo, which you can see here in this

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00:23:35,680 --> 00:23:36,240
photograph.

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00:23:37,040 --> 00:23:40,400
This building is made out of adobe or mudbricks
and its mother.

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00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:41,360
Plaster.

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00:23:41,360 --> 00:23:44,720
And this building has been here for thousands
of years.

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00:23:44,720 --> 00:23:49,840
And it's the oldest continuously occupied
building in the United States.

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00:23:50,560 --> 00:23:54,960
And so it's on these traditions that we would
like to build.

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00:23:57,040 --> 00:24:00,560
This is our mobile robotic setup.

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00:24:00,560 --> 00:24:05,520
So this is a robotic arms slash 3D printer
that's very lightweight.

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00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:10,160
It can be carried by one or two people from
one site to another.

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00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:16,640
And in this particular setup, it has a ram
attached to it, which is this plastic glass.

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00:24:16,640 --> 00:24:24,240
To that can be filled with play But for our
3D printing applications out in the field,

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00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:29,360
we've taken off that RAM and we've connected
the robotic arm to a continuous flow hopper,

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00:24:29,360 --> 00:24:32,480
which you can see in our fabrication setup
here on the right.

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00:24:33,040 --> 00:24:36,560
So at the center of this 3D printed, mud structure
is the.

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00:24:36,560 --> 00:24:37,060
Robot.

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00:24:37,840 --> 00:24:43,440
It is holding a rubber 2, which is connected
back to the continuous flow hopper.

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00:24:43,440 --> 00:24:49,040
And then we are mixing mud and putting it
into that hopper, continuously pumping it

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00:24:49,040 --> 00:24:51,920
through the tube by the robot, moves it around.

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00:24:51,920 --> 00:24:56,240
And this allows us to make structures that
are larger than the robot itself.

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00:24:57,760 --> 00:25:01,040
We're using literally the ground beneath your
feet.

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00:25:01,040 --> 00:25:06,960
We're using a ubiquitous material, of course,
soil, mud, or it can be found in every country

325
00:25:06,960 --> 00:25:07,840
around the world.

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00:25:08,480 --> 00:25:14,880
And we're mixing that soil with chopped straw
for increased [inaudible] strength and to

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00:25:14,880 --> 00:25:16,640
wick out some of the moisture as.

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00:25:17,760 --> 00:25:19,200
Or the mud is drying.

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00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:20,960
And of course we're mixing it with water  

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00:25:24,160 --> 00:25:25,120
and
democracy.

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00:25:25,120 --> 00:25:29,440
So as part of this project, and that friend
here is we've created a software called Potter

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00:25:29,440 --> 00:25:31,600
where it runs in the cloud.

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00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:36,160
So you don't have to know how to 3D model
anything.

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00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:38,000
3d print.

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00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:42,320
You can simply use these sliders that you
see on the right-hand side of the screen,

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00:25:42,320 --> 00:25:48,080
moving back and forth to create a profile
for your vessel or to create waves are loops

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00:25:48,080 --> 00:25:49,600
on the surface of your vessel.

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00:25:50,240 --> 00:25:56,160
And we've been experimenting with non planar
options and giving users the ability to make

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00:25:56,160 --> 00:26:02,160
multiple as well in this easy to use software
that runs in the cloud.

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00:26:05,760 --> 00:26:12,240
And these are some of the early experiments
that we did here in the San Luis Valley.

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00:26:12,240 --> 00:26:16,160
And do we conceptualize these under four different
things?

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00:26:17,360 --> 00:26:19,840
This one we call the beginning.

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00:26:19,840 --> 00:26:22,800
And it's quite literally a study in lightness.

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00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:31,360
So we use the robot arm to take one single
line of clay along a path that has both convex

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00:26:31,360 --> 00:26:34,000
and concave openings the.

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00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:36,640
Seeing how light weight of the structure.

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00:26:36,640 --> 00:26:37,840
We could print.

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00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:45,120
Because we were interested in light, we decided
to illuminate the structure to show off the

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00:26:45,120 --> 00:26:51,840
layers of [inaudible] and the concave and
convex surfaces on this structure itself.

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00:26:52,800 --> 00:26:57,440
This is the lookout and this was an exploration
into structure.

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00:26:57,440 --> 00:27:01,280
We wanted to know if we could print something
that would be strong enough to support the

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00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:02,880
weight the human body.

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00:27:02,880 --> 00:27:07,840
So there are stairs here, which are underpinned
by 3D printed mud.

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00:27:07,840 --> 00:27:12,560
And of course this look out or it's platform
on top is solid.

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00:27:12,560 --> 00:27:13,840
Underneath as well.

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00:27:14,880 --> 00:27:18,240
And this is what it looks like underneath
the stairs.

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00:27:19,120 --> 00:27:24,160
We don't have the ability to retract with
this particular printer.

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00:27:24,160 --> 00:27:30,960
So there's a continuous flow of mud and we
are creating this light pattern or structure

359
00:27:30,960 --> 00:27:32,480
underneath the stairs.

360
00:27:32,480 --> 00:27:36,320
And the landing to give support for the body.

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00:27:36,320 --> 00:27:42,400
And we also imagined that these airspaces,
which would exist in the gaps in-between the

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00:27:43,040 --> 00:27:49,840
sinewaves could also have insulative properties
for future architectural applications as well.

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00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:56,640
This is the, [inaudible] this might be the
world's first 3D printed [inaudible] but it's

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00:27:56,640 --> 00:27:57,760
printed out of mud.

365
00:27:57,760 --> 00:28:03,920
Double wall structure and so we are taking
advantage of the air that is in-between the

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00:28:03,920 --> 00:28:06,480
double wall kind of inside fingers.

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00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:11,840
And we've dug a hole for PIT firing ceramics.

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00:28:11,840 --> 00:28:17,200
And this opening here faces south so the wind
blows in, kind of creates a vortex on the

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00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:22,240
interior of the building where we can fire
some of the smaller objects that we're making

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00:28:22,240 --> 00:28:22,800
as well.

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00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:28,160
So this [inaudible] and bowl and other serving
vessels are made out of my [inaudible] clay

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00:28:28,160 --> 00:28:32,000
that we're digging kind of wildly from the
mountain needs just set.

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00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:32,500
Of us.

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00:28:36,960 --> 00:28:40,400
And the fourth structure is called the hearts.

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00:28:41,040 --> 00:28:44,160
And in this particular 
instance, we were interested 

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00:28:44,160 --> 00:28:48,480
in thinking about how 
structure could be decorative.

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00:28:48,480 --> 00:28:56,400
So when we're printing this mud, it's course,
quite wet and we can print about between 14

378
00:28:56,400 --> 00:28:57,840
and 18 inches at a time.

379
00:28:58,480 --> 00:29:01,040
Before we have to stop and let it dry.

380
00:29:01,040 --> 00:29:04,800
So this particular structure has an inner
and an outer layer of mud.

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00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:09,200
And we use these sticks, these Juniper sticks
to tie those two layers together.

382
00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:15,120
And because we were in the would into the
structure, we were able to print a little

383
00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:15,920
bit higher.

384
00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:22,560
And of course, one of the things that I really
love about this is of course the increase

385
00:29:22,560 --> 00:29:29,840
strength, but also the fuzziness or and on
the interior there's a hearth and the 3D printed

386
00:29:29,840 --> 00:29:31,920
bench for friends can gather together.

387
00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:34,320
Are indeed protected within this enclosure.

388
00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:45,600
And our research in developing these four
smaller projects has led us to create a larger

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00:29:45,600 --> 00:29:52,160
occupy a structure which we call the classical,
Beta which is house for cohabitate.

390
00:29:52,160 --> 00:29:53,840
During the time of COVID.

391
00:29:53,840 --> 00:29:57,520
And it is something that we have made over
the course of this past year.

392
00:29:58,880 --> 00:30:05,120
[inaudible] brings together these indigenous
building technologies and combines it with

393
00:30:05,120 --> 00:30:06,400
digital fabrication.

394
00:30:06,960 --> 00:30:07,440
And ethic.

395
00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:14,160
One of the things that we have been able to
do this year is create this fourth axis or

396
00:30:14,160 --> 00:30:21,760
this wooden rail that allows us to take the
robot for a walk so that we can print more

397
00:30:21,760 --> 00:30:24,160
than one circle at a time.

398
00:30:24,160 --> 00:30:30,400
So here you see the robot is the vertical
element at the end of the 3D print.

399
00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:34,160
So we print about 18 inches.

400
00:30:34,160 --> 00:30:38,480
We move the robot down, we print another circle
about 18 inches design.

401
00:30:38,480 --> 00:30:40,960
Move the robot down, print a third time.

402
00:30:40,960 --> 00:30:46,000
And by the time we finish this third room,
the first one is dry, and we can take the

403
00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:51,600
robot back in the same amount of time that
we would print one object before we can now

404
00:30:51,600 --> 00:30:52,100
print.

405
00:30:54,960 --> 00:31:00,400
So we've created house that's made out of
these three continuous spaces.

406
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:05,920
And are thinking about them as a place to
enter and gather.

407
00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:10,080
Room for dreaming or sleeping, and a room
for bathing.

408
00:31:12,480 --> 00:31:18,960
And here you can see the robot extruding the
mud, putting down the walls for the costs

409
00:31:18,960 --> 00:31:19,520
of COVID.

410
00:31:20,400 --> 00:31:25,040
And this particular building has an inner
layer and an outer layer.

411
00:31:25,760 --> 00:31:30,400
They're both sine waves and the frequency
of the inner layer is that the double is double

412
00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:31,200
that of the outer loop.

413
00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:35,360
Layer so that they touch or kiss and they
can support each other as we build up.

414
00:31:37,120 --> 00:31:43,200
At the top, the walls come in to create fresh
[inaudible] from or don't like shape.

415
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:47,440
Another innovation.

416
00:31:47,440 --> 00:31:51,680
In this particular building is that we put
the robot on top of apply with box so that

417
00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:53,200
we can go taller.

418
00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:57,920
The robot is only about seven feet tall, and
this building is 12 feet tall.

419
00:31:57,920 --> 00:32:01,520
And here you can see my partner on his cell
phone.

420
00:32:01,520 --> 00:32:03,120
He's he's not texting.

421
00:32:03,120 --> 00:32:04,880
He's actually driving the road.

422
00:32:04,880 --> 00:32:07,440
So the robot is two my phi enabled.

423
00:32:07,440 --> 00:32:12,480
And he can use the smart phone just to control
the speed of the arm as it's moving.

424
00:32:13,040 --> 00:32:18,080
And the extrusion rate as it's pushing the
clay out from the nozzle onto the surface

425
00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:18,640
of the building.

426
00:32:23,120 --> 00:32:29,440
In this particular project, we also introduced
lintels into the structure so that we could

427
00:32:29,440 --> 00:32:35,200
have openings like windows and doors so we
use the local beetle kill pine, which you

428
00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:35,760
can see here.

429
00:32:35,760 --> 00:32:40,160
This black line over the door and we just
print on top.

430
00:32:40,720 --> 00:32:44,960
So we're able to now have more conventional
openings.

431
00:32:44,960 --> 00:32:47,600
So it can move in and out through the building.

432
00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:52,000
And here we are printing the last layer.

433
00:32:53,840 --> 00:32:55,840
At the top of the building.

434
00:33:01,440 --> 00:33:02,880
And here's the final [inaudible].

435
00:33:02,880 --> 00:33:06,960
And you can see the illumination from the
heart on the inside.

436
00:33:07,520 --> 00:33:14,000
These three volumes are nestled together,
which are intended to be a retreat or a place

437
00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:16,640
for quarantining with one other person.

438
00:33:18,960 --> 00:33:20,240
As a space of cohabiting.

439
00:33:20,240 --> 00:33:21,680
Mutation and togetherness.

440
00:33:23,680 --> 00:33:30,400
When you enter the cost of the first thing
that you touch is the door handle, which we've

441
00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:31,840
made as well.

442
00:33:32,560 --> 00:33:39,760
We've used bio plastic to 3D print a master,
which we then cast in a mud mole.

443
00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:45,760
And we are burning out the bio plastic pretty
print.

444
00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:50,480
And then replacing that with aluminum to create
this middle door handle.

445
00:33:50,480 --> 00:33:56,400
We like many other people, acquired a pet
during COVID, we have a cat and it turns out

446
00:33:56,400 --> 00:34:00,240
that for skis cat food cans or 100% aluminum,
there.

447
00:34:00,240 --> 00:34:11,040
Perfect for this lost wax or lost PLA, method
of guessing In the first room, there's a heart

448
00:34:11,040 --> 00:34:16,880
where two people can gather around the fire
and cook, prepare a meal together.

449
00:34:19,120 --> 00:34:24,640
We've also 3D printed all of the cookware,
the genes, and the bean pods, and the serving

450
00:34:24,640 --> 00:34:26,720
dishes using the local wild.

451
00:34:26,720 --> 00:34:34,000
My case is clay that we've harvested from
the mountains and the fields around this.

452
00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:36,800
Here's a closer view of one of the bean pots.

453
00:34:36,800 --> 00:34:42,080
The poem of which is based on the traditional
being platforms, which you might find in the

454
00:34:42,080 --> 00:34:42,580
towel.

455
00:34:43,360 --> 00:34:51,760
Pueblos and the clay has mica in it, which
does a really good job of observing thermal

456
00:34:51,760 --> 00:34:52,080
shock.

457
00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:53,760
So you can put this.

458
00:34:53,760 --> 00:35:00,800
3d printed fired paste directly on the fire
and it will retain its integrity and strength

459
00:35:00,800 --> 00:35:06,800
and cook in it Here's a view into the room
for sleeping.

460
00:35:08,800 --> 00:35:11,600
A window with a view of the sunset beyond.

461
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:20,400
And we made an elevated platform that's covered
with true sheepskin from the local shape.

462
00:35:21,040 --> 00:35:24,320
And we've worked with an indigenous Weaver
to create.

463
00:35:24,320 --> 00:35:27,120
These textiles for the COVID.

464
00:35:28,320 --> 00:35:30,080
Just a really fascinating story.

465
00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:35,760
This is a young fashion designer who's in
New York, who was intending to graduate last

466
00:35:35,760 --> 00:35:40,560
spring, but of course he had to go home and
he like many of our students didn't have access

467
00:35:40,560 --> 00:35:46,160
to the tools that he normally has access to
in his labs like his sewing machine for his

468
00:35:46,160 --> 00:35:46,880
surgeries.

469
00:35:46,880 --> 00:35:50,480
So he was at home and he was wondering what
what will I do?

470
00:35:51,120 --> 00:35:58,240
And his aunt gave him her loom and taught
him about his own family history and explained

471
00:35:58,240 --> 00:36:00,880
to him that he comes from a family of leavers.

472
00:36:00,880 --> 00:36:04,640
And so we worked with him to develop these
custm.

473
00:36:04,640 --> 00:36:09,840
Some textiles that have the motifs which come
from the building of [inaudible].

474
00:36:09,840 --> 00:36:15,760
So if you look closely, you can see on the
pillow here the floor plan of the cost of

475
00:36:15,760 --> 00:36:16,160
COVID.

476
00:36:16,160 --> 00:36:22,320
So in the center is the circle with the door
in the fireplace and to the left is the bed,

477
00:36:22,320 --> 00:36:25,840
to the right is the room for bathing.

478
00:36:26,480 --> 00:36:33,280
And here on the blanket is the reflected ceiling
plan of the oculus in the room for bathing.

479
00:36:33,840 --> 00:36:36,240
And the bathtub itself.

480
00:36:36,240 --> 00:36:42,720
So the blue circle represents the water, the
white circle, the rim of the bathtub, and

481
00:36:42,720 --> 00:36:44,400
the black line, the drain.

482
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:51,600
Allows you to drain the water back out into
the field, which you can see here in this

483
00:36:51,600 --> 00:36:57,760
view from above of the room pervading the
blueness since the water, which is surrounded

484
00:36:57,760 --> 00:37:00,640
by polished river rocks.

485
00:37:00,640 --> 00:37:04,160
And when you're in the water, of course, you
can look up at the sky.

486
00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:07,840
Through the list.

487
00:37:09,920 --> 00:37:11,280
And finally play.

488
00:37:12,560 --> 00:37:14,720
So it's a way of talking about play.

489
00:37:14,720 --> 00:37:22,080
I'd like to share with you instead of instructions
for how to build a teeter-totter.

490
00:37:22,080 --> 00:37:25,920
The first thing you need to do when you're
going to build a theater totter is choose

491
00:37:25,920 --> 00:37:26,420
the site.

492
00:37:27,040 --> 00:37:32,960
So the site that we chose is the border between
the United States and Mexico and just to give

493
00:37:32,960 --> 00:37:43,280
you a sense of scale, the border, the political
border is almost 2000 miles long and 2006

494
00:37:43,280 --> 00:37:51,200
when George W Bush established secure sack
around 800 miles of border wall have been

495
00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:52,000
constructed.

496
00:37:54,800 --> 00:37:56,800
There are different types of wall.

497
00:37:56,800 --> 00:37:59,280
There are what's known as a Ballard wall.

498
00:37:59,280 --> 00:38:05,760
And this is a wall that has about usually
18 to 20 foot high vertical steel posts that

499
00:38:05,760 --> 00:38:07,440
are filled with concrete.

500
00:38:08,720 --> 00:38:12,960
And these are used to prevent pedestrians,
of course, from moving from one side to the

501
00:38:12,960 --> 00:38:13,120
other.

502
00:38:13,120 --> 00:38:17,680
But also to prevent the bolts from passing
from one side to another.

503
00:38:17,680 --> 00:38:23,680
There is pedestrian fencing, and this of course,
is just to, prevent people from moving across

504
00:38:23,680 --> 00:38:24,640
the border.

505
00:38:24,640 --> 00:38:29,760
And these walls are typically made out of
welded wire mesh or perforated metal.

506
00:38:29,760 --> 00:38:34,080
And this allows the border patrol the see
what's happening on both sides of the border.

507
00:38:35,280 --> 00:38:36,800
There's anti RAM wall.

508
00:38:37,360 --> 00:38:44,560
This is intended to prevent vehicles that
are loaded up with 40 tons to ram into the

509
00:38:44,560 --> 00:38:49,440
wall or the passed through the wall, supposedly
it's impossible to cut through this fall.

510
00:38:49,440 --> 00:38:52,720
And these walls go at least six feet below
the ground.

511
00:38:53,360 --> 00:38:54,480
Paneling as well.

512
00:38:55,760 --> 00:38:59,840
And then there are landing that walls and
these are some of the oldest types of walls

513
00:38:59,840 --> 00:39:03,360
that are made out of repurposed Vietnam era
landing mats.

514
00:39:03,360 --> 00:39:07,120
And these have all been almost all replaced.

515
00:39:07,120 --> 00:39:11,760
They're all proposed to be replaced under
the more recent Trump administration.

516
00:39:13,760 --> 00:39:18,720
And then of course, there's beautiful floating
fence that sits atop the sand dunes.

517
00:39:20,160 --> 00:39:27,840
Since 2006, the United States has spent $3.4
billion constructing this wall.

518
00:39:28,640 --> 00:39:34,800
And it's estimated that another 49 billion
will be needed to construct and maintain the

519
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:37,680
border wall over the next 25 years.

520
00:39:37,680 --> 00:39:43,600
So just to give you a sense of perspective,
what can you get for this amount of money?

521
00:39:43,600 --> 00:39:53,920
Well we could build, 300 I think these centers
or 500 miles of the hyaline, or 350 broad

522
00:39:53,920 --> 00:39:54,960
museums.

523
00:39:54,960 --> 00:40:02,400
So this is money that could be spent on cultural
endeavors and not on a wall, which in my opinion

524
00:40:02,400 --> 00:40:03,760
doesn't work very well.

525
00:40:03,760 --> 00:40:12,400
Anyway, which you can see here so the research
for the border wall is conducted at Texas

526
00:40:12,400 --> 00:40:15,760
and in university at the Sandia Laboratories.

527
00:40:15,760 --> 00:40:21,280
And the way they conduct this research is
by building a wall prototypes, and loading

528
00:40:21,280 --> 00:40:25,440
trucks with 40 tons of weight and ramming
them into the walls.

529
00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:27,840
So.
You can imagine the expense associated.

530
00:40:27,840 --> 00:40:32,320
By building the walls, not to mention acquiring
the vehicles that have been destroyed by ramming

531
00:40:32,320 --> 00:40:33,680
into the walls themselves.

532
00:40:36,080 --> 00:40:39,520
And there's another kind of starts happening
on the other side of the border.

533
00:40:39,520 --> 00:40:45,040
And this is very inexpensive, very lightweight
research, which is mostly comprised of these

534
00:40:45,040 --> 00:40:47,680
mobile units that allow.

535
00:40:47,680 --> 00:40:54,480
Trucks to drop up and over the wall were sometimes
works very well, which you can see here.

536
00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:01,200
And sometimes it doesn't.

537
00:41:01,200 --> 00:41:04,320
This is an example of a truck that got stuck
on top of a floating.

538
00:41:05,440 --> 00:41:09,280
And its occupants were forced to flee before
the border patrol arrived.

539
00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:14,320
And then there are the horrors of the wall.

540
00:41:15,040 --> 00:41:21,440
Since 1994, nearly 10 thousand people have
died trying to cross the border.

541
00:41:22,240 --> 00:41:26,480
And of course, hundreds of children had been
separated from their parents at the border.

542
00:41:28,800 --> 00:41:32,240
30 laws were waived for the construction of
the wall.

543
00:41:32,240 --> 00:41:35,040
This is the highest law of the land.

544
00:41:35,040 --> 00:41:43,200
So Native American preservation x and overwritten
wildlife environments x have been overridden.

545
00:41:43,200 --> 00:41:47,840
And this ensures that the wall can and will
be built.

546
00:41:48,800 --> 00:41:53,920
In order to construct the wall it has to be
built on the United States.

547
00:41:53,920 --> 00:41:59,760
Five of the political boundary and because
of the evolutions in the Rio Grande day, sometimes

548
00:41:59,760 --> 00:42:05,680
this means that the wall is built two miles
into the United States, ceding over a lot

549
00:42:05,680 --> 00:42:08,480
of property to, the Mexican side of the border.

550
00:42:08,480 --> 00:42:11,280
And this property includes houses.

551
00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:18,480
It includes parks, golf courses, or in the
case of Brownsville, Texas, half of the University

552
00:42:18,480 --> 00:42:22,720
of Texas is intended to be seated over to
the Mexican side of the border.

553
00:42:24,880 --> 00:42:27,520
Now, I also want to point out there are lots
of fun.

554
00:42:28,240 --> 00:42:31,600
An exciting things that happen at the border
as well.

555
00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:35,360
So here, for example, you can see a bi-national
yoga class.

556
00:42:35,360 --> 00:42:41,520
And what I love about this photo is that everyone
is in monument and you can see here in the

557
00:42:41,520 --> 00:42:47,200
background the monument, which is one of the
original markers of the border between the

558
00:42:47,200 --> 00:42:48,080
United States.

559
00:42:48,080 --> 00:42:48,800
And Mexico.

560
00:42:50,800 --> 00:42:57,120
Here in this photograph, you can see a border
patrol agent buying an ice cream from a vendor

561
00:42:57,120 --> 00:42:59,280
on the next side of the board.

562
00:42:59,280 --> 00:43:00,960
And this seems totally normal, right?

563
00:43:00,960 --> 00:43:05,760
He slips money through the the vendors that
some ice cream through the fence.

564
00:43:06,480 --> 00:43:08,400
And it seems like this is something.

565
00:43:08,400 --> 00:43:11,920
Should be totally normal and fun, right?

566
00:43:11,920 --> 00:43:15,760
But in fact, this is 
completely illegal, constitutes 

567
00:43:15,760 --> 00:43:17,920
illegal trade across the border between the

568
00:43:17,920 --> 00:43:19,360
United States and Mexico.

569
00:43:22,240 --> 00:43:27,840
It's often played across the border between
the United States and Mexico.

570
00:43:28,560 --> 00:43:35,440
Interestingly, the game of Alibaba was invented
by a classmate of the inventor of basketball.

571
00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:39,840
His name was James Naismith, and he found
that basketball was too hard.

572
00:43:40,400 --> 00:43:45,920
And he wanted to create more equitable game
that everyone could play and enjoy together.

573
00:43:47,680 --> 00:43:54,240
So volleyball has been played at the border
between the United States and Mexico.

574
00:43:54,240 --> 00:43:55,680
For many, many years.

575
00:43:55,680 --> 00:43:57,840
This is the festival.

576
00:43:58,640 --> 00:44:01,440
[inaudible], which takes place every year.

577
00:44:01,440 --> 00:44:07,840
In-between [inaudible] Sonora and not go Arizona.

578
00:44:07,840 --> 00:44:10,080
This is a photograph from the 1970s.

579
00:44:10,080 --> 00:44:13,280
Maybe one of these, first by national volleyball
games.

580
00:44:14,160 --> 00:44:15,440
It's still playing today.

581
00:44:16,080 --> 00:44:18,240
Would you can see in this photograph?

582
00:44:18,240 --> 00:44:21,840
And I'd like to point out, what is one of
the most interesting.

583
00:44:21,840 --> 00:44:27,440
About this photograph for me is that [inaudible]
somehow is allowed to the border between the

584
00:44:27,440 --> 00:44:34,000
United States and Mexico, which I think points
out that the border wall is not only a political

585
00:44:34,000 --> 00:44:39,920
construct, but it is becoming a cultural one
as well, which I'd like to show you here in

586
00:44:39,920 --> 00:44:57,600
this advertisement for being tremendous wall.

587
00:44:58,640 --> 00:45:00,240
A wall that brings us together.

588
00:45:01,520 --> 00:45:05,280
This wall might be small, but it's going to
be huge.

589
00:45:06,640 --> 00:45:07,840
You're welcome America.

590
00:45:08,880 --> 00:45:18,000
So it's [inaudible] absurd, that horrific.

591
00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:24,880
And sometimes really funny, prompted us to
intervene in this landscape by smuggling in

592
00:45:24,880 --> 00:45:25,440
design.

593
00:45:26,160 --> 00:45:32,480
And we have imagined proposals for the border
wall that we present in the form of souvenirs.

594
00:45:32,480 --> 00:45:32,800
Choir.

595
00:45:32,800 --> 00:45:43,200
Does that include postcards and snow globes
and key chains in order to speak to the resilience

596
00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:48,080
of the landscape and the people who live here
at the border.

597
00:45:48,080 --> 00:45:53,520
And by doing it in these small souvenirs or
in the form of these smaller we'll see when

598
00:45:53,520 --> 00:45:58,320
we make the border small, we make it diminutive.

599
00:45:58,320 --> 00:46:04,560
And we hope that by presenting the work this
way, it disempowers the wall itself.

600
00:46:06,560 --> 00:46:08,480
And what better way to do that?

601
00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:18,000
Then to design a teeter-totter and active
play that speaks to how actions that take

602
00:46:18,000 --> 00:46:22,320
place on one side have effects and consequences
on the other.

603
00:46:23,280 --> 00:46:26,000
So when choosing a site for our teeter-totter,
we.

604
00:46:26,000 --> 00:46:32,080
Chose this followed wall between an opera
Mexico and someone Park, New Mexico.

605
00:46:32,080 --> 00:46:36,560
And we chose this site because the village
of an opera comes up very close to the wall.

606
00:46:36,560 --> 00:46:39,760
In some cases, about three feet away from
the wall.

607
00:46:40,320 --> 00:46:43,440
It's a community that has a lot of families
and children.

608
00:46:43,440 --> 00:46:45,840
It's a place that you can walk up to the wall.

609
00:46:47,040 --> 00:46:49,920
And children are actually known.

610
00:46:49,920 --> 00:46:52,560
Sometimes they can climb or play on the wall
here.

611
00:46:52,560 --> 00:46:56,400
So we knew that this would be a good spot
for the teeter totters.

612
00:46:58,880 --> 00:47:03,520
Next, decide how thrilling for dangerous thread
should be.

613
00:47:04,240 --> 00:47:10,560
So when we were first designing the teeter-totter
wall, we knew we wanted to install it on the

614
00:47:10,560 --> 00:47:13,440
18th at high wall in an opera.

615
00:47:13,440 --> 00:47:18,720
And we designed these really long teeter-totter
that would have a fulcrum which would be.

616
00:47:18,720 --> 00:47:24,000
Halfway up the wall, which is about nine feet
tall, which lift the writers maybe 18 feet

617
00:47:24,000 --> 00:47:29,040
up into the air or incredibly thrilling, but
also maybe incredibly dangerous.

618
00:47:29,920 --> 00:47:34,960
This might be why we were never able to get
permission to build the teeter totter.

619
00:47:34,960 --> 00:47:38,640
And we did ask a few times, We were never
told.

620
00:47:38,640 --> 00:47:40,640
No, but we were also neighbor tone, yes.

621
00:47:41,760 --> 00:47:48,720
So in subsequent proposals, we decided to
make a smaller, more viable version of the

622
00:47:48,720 --> 00:47:49,520
teeter-totter.

623
00:47:49,520 --> 00:47:55,120
So in this sketch, the teeter-totter is 14
feet long and the fulcrum is two feet off

624
00:47:55,120 --> 00:47:59,360
the, ground which lifts the writer of four
feet up into the the air.

625
00:47:59,360 --> 00:48:04,640
Just kind of so that your feet don't touch
the ground, which still allows the rider to

626
00:48:04,640 --> 00:48:07,120
be a little bit fairly and excited.

627
00:48:09,040 --> 00:48:15,440
Well designed the horizontal components, the
slide exactly in-between the vertebra spaces

628
00:48:15,440 --> 00:48:23,200
of the colored wall with seats and handlebars
that can be attached after the horizontal

629
00:48:23,200 --> 00:48:26,320
component had been slipped through the wall
by the user.

630
00:48:26,320 --> 00:48:27,280
On the other side.

631
00:48:29,600 --> 00:48:33,840
And the details matter.

632
00:48:34,480 --> 00:48:41,569
Three worked with collect TiVo [inaudible]
and Talia area and whereas fabricate the teeter

633
00:48:41,569 --> 00:48:48,080
totter to work out the details how they would
fit together.

634
00:48:48,080 --> 00:48:52,720
And they helped us smuggle in the design to
make sure it would really work.

635
00:48:52,720 --> 00:48:58,880
So here you can see a photograph of the fulcrum,
which has a notch in it and it slides on top

636
00:48:58,880 --> 00:49:01,760
of the steel angle at the bottom of the wall.

637
00:49:01,760 --> 00:49:05,600
And there's a key which is tightened from
the Mexican side of the border.

638
00:49:09,600 --> 00:49:14,960
Banana bicycle seats and cushioning a little
bit of levity, color.

639
00:49:14,960 --> 00:49:18,000
I have sparkles and metallic stripes on them.

640
00:49:20,160 --> 00:49:24,080
There are rubber grips which makes it easy
to hold onto the handles.

641
00:49:24,080 --> 00:49:29,280
And there's a horn which allows you to catch
the attention of the rider on the other side

642
00:49:29,280 --> 00:49:29,840
of the border.

643
00:49:32,080 --> 00:49:39,600
The color pink is a color that is familiar
to everyone in Whereas here you can see the

644
00:49:39,600 --> 00:49:46,320
crosses, which are placed in the locations
for the bodies of women were killed during

645
00:49:46,320 --> 00:49:48,720
the famous sides in the 1990s.

646
00:49:49,280 --> 00:49:51,520
So throughout the city, you can find these
crosses there.

647
00:49:51,520 --> 00:49:55,840
They are painted this color pink and everyone
knows what this color means.

648
00:49:55,840 --> 00:49:57,600
And what it represents.

649
00:49:57,600 --> 00:50:03,200
So we decided to paint the [inaudible] was
a form of resistance.

650
00:50:06,240 --> 00:50:15,440
And finally, you have to test it out So on
July 27th, we took our teeter-totter to the

651
00:50:15,440 --> 00:50:21,600
border from the Mexican side, and we stabs
the.

652
00:50:21,600 --> 00:50:23,920
Dragon please pass them through the fans.

653
00:50:24,960 --> 00:50:25,840
With the intended.

654
00:50:25,840 --> 00:50:28,640
Writing the border between the United States
and Mexico.

655
00:50:28,640 --> 00:50:33,200
And we knew we had to do it quickly because
we might only have five or six minutes before

656
00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:35,360
the Board of patrols to shut us down.

657
00:50:37,920 --> 00:50:44,640
And for, 40 minutes, we were able show that
play can be an act of resistance.

658
00:50:45,520 --> 00:50:49,840
And we were able to make many full connections
between adults and children.

659
00:50:53,360 --> 00:50:54,640
Along the border.

660
00:50:54,640 --> 00:51:00,880
As we wrote the teeter-totter, the border
at this time for us, became a fulcrum for

661
00:51:00,880 --> 00:51:02,720
US and Mexico relations.

662
00:51:04,480 --> 00:51:09,200
And most of the people who stood up that day
were women and children and they stood strong.

663
00:51:09,200 --> 00:51:12,560
They weren't afraid to the border patrol and
they weren't applying afraid of the Mexican

664
00:51:12,560 --> 00:51:19,040
police and they told him to go away, that
we are here to play together and they created

665
00:51:19,040 --> 00:51:23,600
this kind of safe, protected space just by
virtue of the fact that who they were.

666
00:51:29,440 --> 00:51:37,440
We learned that women and children with really
expensive pink sticks could break down a barrier.

667
00:51:37,440 --> 00:51:40,720
A billion dollars barrier that was created
by a government.

668
00:51:42,720 --> 00:51:47,280
And it made us think that as our [inaudible]
designers, we shouldn't be creating walls,

669
00:51:47,280 --> 00:51:51,040
but thinking about the spaces and the people
in between them, instead.

670
00:51:53,760 --> 00:51:57,200
We conclusion I want to leave you with the
words of our communities.

671
00:51:57,920 --> 00:52:01,760
Give me a lever long enough, and a fulcrum
on which to place it.

672
00:52:01,760 --> 00:52:04,000
And I shall move the world.

673
00:52:04,000 --> 00:52:04,500
Thanks.

674
00:52:07,840 --> 00:52:08,400
All right.

675
00:52:08,960 --> 00:52:09,680
Well, thank you.

676
00:52:10,320 --> 00:52:13,920
That was amazing and lots of great questions.

677
00:52:13,920 --> 00:52:16,400
Unfortunately, don't have a ton of time for
them.

678
00:52:16,400 --> 00:52:22,880
So I wanna kind of bulk a couple together and
maybe get your reaction says. For colleagues

679
00:52:22,880 --> 00:52:27,120
who were interested, we did record this and
it will be on the scholar workspace, We'll

680
00:52:27,120 --> 00:52:31,520
make sure we distributed to everybody so that,
you know, everyone has access and you look

681
00:52:31,520 --> 00:52:36,080
through it and I'm sure Virginia, you're gonna
get more questions by email and other sorts

682
00:52:36,080 --> 00:52:36,580
of things.

683
00:52:37,520 --> 00:52:43,520
The two big kinds of questions that come out,
1, one is like a conceptual one around the

684
00:52:43,520 --> 00:52:44,390
houses and other.

685
00:52:44,390 --> 00:52:48,000
There are things which tie to the ways in 

686
00:52:48,000 --> 00:52:51,200
which these look like 
archaeological and prehistoric

687
00:52:51,200 --> 00:52:57,520
sorts of sites, where you taking any cues
from that history of architecture and why

688
00:52:57,520 --> 00:53:03,040
the open rooms and so forth was that a design
principle or just a challenge for building

689
00:53:03,040 --> 00:53:03,540
the roof?

690
00:53:04,320 --> 00:53:10,000
Talk through some of those architectural sorts
of connections to perhaps the prehistoric

691
00:53:10,000 --> 00:53:12,160
world are some of the other things you were
thinking about.

692
00:53:12,880 --> 00:53:16,000
Yeah, I think that must be with the mode frontiers
project, right?

693
00:53:16,000 --> 00:53:16,400
Yes.

694
00:53:16,400 --> 00:53:16,900
yeah.

695
00:53:17,120 --> 00:53:17,360
Yeah.

696
00:53:17,360 --> 00:53:22,720
I mean, we like to learn back to look forward
to look at history, Right?

697
00:53:22,720 --> 00:53:23,440
And think about.

698
00:53:25,680 --> 00:53:29,760
What technologies have been around for thousands
of years.

699
00:53:29,760 --> 00:53:35,680
And in some cases, we've lost these technologies
and not always for good reasons, right?

700
00:53:35,680 --> 00:53:41,280
Like, you know, for thousands of years, earth
was the most pervasive building material and

701
00:53:41,280 --> 00:53:44,000
summit took over about a 100 years ago.

702
00:53:44,000 --> 00:53:48,880
But that we all know that Samantha is one
of the most polluting materials on our planet.

703
00:53:48,880 --> 00:53:53,840
And so I think we actually have to think about
how we go back to building with mud and clay

704
00:53:53,840 --> 00:54:01,760
because of the thermal mass properties or
the flywheel effect that this material has

705
00:54:01,760 --> 00:54:02,160
right?

706
00:54:02,160 --> 00:54:04,400
In places like [inaudible].

707
00:54:04,400 --> 00:54:09,200
Southwestern part of the United States, right
where you have a big temperature differential.

708
00:54:09,200 --> 00:54:12,560
And we've forgotten how to build with those
materials.

709
00:54:12,560 --> 00:54:16,000
But they're much better for our environment,
right?

710
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:22,960
So I think we were looking at them and thinking
about how they can be transformed for know,

711
00:54:22,960 --> 00:54:24,640
21st century applicant.

712
00:54:24,640 --> 00:54:28,800
Because we have different program names and
we have 10 00, years ago, we have different

713
00:54:28,800 --> 00:54:31,600
technologies and we had a thousand years ago.

714
00:54:31,600 --> 00:54:35,120
So we're trying to merge these together.

715
00:54:35,920 --> 00:54:37,840
The reason there's no roof.

716
00:54:39,680 --> 00:54:44,320
Well, the robot is printing out right.

717
00:54:44,320 --> 00:54:45,840
And then for us to come in.

718
00:54:47,200 --> 00:54:48,240
It's very hard.

719
00:54:48,240 --> 00:54:53,440
So there's a chance that the roof would collapse.

720
00:54:53,440 --> 00:54:53,760
Right?

721
00:54:53,760 --> 00:54:55,920
So we're not there yet.

722
00:54:55,920 --> 00:54:58,960
But we're going to get there maybe 20, 22.

723
00:54:58,960 --> 00:55:00,560
You're going to see a building.

724
00:55:01,600 --> 00:55:03,680
I.
Promise it's all my list of things to there.

725
00:55:05,120 --> 00:55:10,640
long as it's on the list, I think I'll give
you some flex.

726
00:55:10,640 --> 00:55:15,600
So another set of questions come up to the
actual materials.

727
00:55:15,600 --> 00:55:20,000
Some of the what and one question which is
really interesting, Clearly there's an, there's

728
00:55:20,000 --> 00:55:21,840
an ecological interests here, right?

729
00:55:21,840 --> 00:55:22,640
Of recycling.

730
00:55:22,640 --> 00:55:23,120
And so forth.

731
00:55:23,120 --> 00:55:27,760
And I think that's absolutely fascinating
how you've captured what I don't think people

732
00:55:27,760 --> 00:55:30,400
think historically as building materials,
bringing in the back.

733
00:55:30,960 --> 00:55:35,840
So one person asked, you know, do you use
what kind of bonding agents are there?

734
00:55:35,840 --> 00:55:36,960
Bonding agents?

735
00:55:36,960 --> 00:55:39,920
Are they edible and biodegradable,  

736
00:55:39,920 --> 00:55:42,400
and eco-friendly,
right in the same way.

737
00:55:43,520 --> 00:55:44,000
Yes.

738
00:55:44,000 --> 00:55:50,720
So when we're 3D printing with the powdered
materials, the binding agent that we're judging

739
00:55:50,720 --> 00:55:54,160
on the powder is mostly water with a little
bit of alcohol.

740
00:55:54,160 --> 00:55:57,440
So sometimes we literally just mix alcohol
and water.

741
00:55:57,440 --> 00:55:59,200
Like isopropyl alcohol and water.

742
00:55:59,200 --> 00:56:03,200
But sometimes we actually print the alcohol
like sucky or.

743
00:56:04,160 --> 00:56:04,480
So.

744
00:56:04,480 --> 00:56:04,980
Yes.

745
00:56:05,680 --> 00:56:06,240
It's edible.

746
00:56:08,400 --> 00:56:08,900
All right.

747
00:56:09,520 --> 00:56:15,913
So that's another that's another great in
following up on this, you talk about powder

748
00:56:15,913 --> 00:56:21,520
based printing and you mentioned the recycling
using laser sintering I'm trying to now read

749
00:56:21,520 --> 00:56:23,040
your colleagues, which of course their weight.

750
00:56:23,040 --> 00:56:28,400
The over my head, but the laser sintering
printing process or do you do add a binder?

751
00:56:28,960 --> 00:56:29,600
Right to that.

752
00:56:29,600 --> 00:56:31,280
So I think that question was answered.

753
00:56:32,320 --> 00:56:37,840
But somebody wanted some more just general
information on the 3D printing process.

754
00:56:37,840 --> 00:56:40,960
You know, the hardware like where did you
get these printers?

755
00:56:40,960 --> 00:56:43,280
Are there, once, you know, how did you have?

756
00:56:43,280 --> 00:56:44,880
Did you think this through?

757
00:56:45,920 --> 00:56:49,920
You know, what types of modifications have
you bring to the robots in order to do this

758
00:56:49,920 --> 00:56:50,720
sort of work?

759
00:56:50,720 --> 00:56:52,240
So you talk a little bit about that.

760
00:56:53,360 --> 00:56:53,840
yeah.

761
00:56:53,840 --> 00:57:00,080
So for the powder printing, we started by
using z ct printers, which are.

762
00:57:00,080 --> 00:57:00,720
No longer.

763
00:57:01,600 --> 00:57:02,880
So all of the printers.

764
00:57:04,560 --> 00:57:10,320
We did this research on starting back in 2009
or 10, are out of commission.

765
00:57:10,960 --> 00:57:14,960
So actually haven't printed anything in powder
Probably in about two years, because you can't

766
00:57:14,960 --> 00:57:17,920
buy the print heads to the material on.

767
00:57:18,720 --> 00:57:23,200
So there are other companies that are making.

768
00:57:25,280 --> 00:57:28,560
3d Systems and Desktop Metal or making powder
based printers.

769
00:57:28,560 --> 00:57:37,200
Now so maybe if I can get a big enough grant,
I can find the French and other printers that

770
00:57:37,200 --> 00:57:38,320
we're using for the clay.

771
00:57:39,760 --> 00:57:40,800
Those are actually pretty.

772
00:57:40,800 --> 00:57:43,040
Affordable There's a company called potter
bot.

773
00:57:43,040 --> 00:57:45,760
That makes those clay extrusion printers.

774
00:57:45,760 --> 00:57:50,800
And then the robot arm is something that we
commissioned someone to make just for us.

775
00:57:53,680 --> 00:57:59,680
And do you see these potential I mean, obviously
there's an artistic kind of approach here.

776
00:57:59,680 --> 00:58:05,440
But do you see these as practical applications
of building sustainable homes yes, absolutely.

777
00:58:05,440 --> 00:58:07,840
I mean, we're still in the proof of concept.

778
00:58:09,600 --> 00:58:13,040
Additive manufacturing has been around three
different things has been around since the

779
00:58:13,040 --> 00:58:14,080
late eighties.

780
00:58:14,080 --> 00:58:21,600
So it's not that old So there are others around
the world are working, you know, predator

781
00:58:21,600 --> 00:58:23,040
to start to build housing.

782
00:58:23,040 --> 00:58:27,360
And and it's coming at the and think it's
going to happen in the next ten years.

783
00:58:28,160 --> 00:58:32,000
Just how long did it take to print the concert?

784
00:58:32,000 --> 00:58:32,500
Kavita.

785
00:58:33,920 --> 00:58:34,800
I think about a month.

786
00:58:36,000 --> 00:58:37,920
And that's because the mud has to draw.

787
00:58:37,920 --> 00:58:38,160
Right.

788
00:58:38,160 --> 00:58:41,120
So if it were plastic, we probably could have
printed it in a week.

789
00:58:41,760 --> 00:58:42,240
Got it.

790
00:58:42,240 --> 00:58:43,040
This pretty fast.

791
00:58:43,920 --> 00:58:48,720
So one last question because and then, you
know, we'll probably have to go one of your

792
00:58:48,720 --> 00:58:56,000
colleagues asked, Are you familiar with Mario
Qu work on 3D printed ceramic buildings and

793
00:58:56,000 --> 00:58:59,920
if you are wanted to comment, if not, I guess
now you have homework.

794
00:58:59,920 --> 00:59:00,560
okay.

795
00:59:00,560 --> 00:59:01,060
Thank you.

796
00:59:04,240 --> 00:59:09,040
So I guess that's not one you're familiar with
yet, so you can reach out to John Loomis and

797
00:59:09,040 --> 00:59:09,760
asked him about it.

798
00:59:09,760 --> 00:59:11,200
And y'all can chat.

799
00:59:12,160 --> 00:59:12,660
Okay.

800
00:59:13,360 --> 00:59:14,400
I know John, Perfect.

801
00:59:14,960 --> 00:59:15,760
Awesome, Great.

802
00:59:18,080 --> 00:59:23,200
Well, I just want to thank you again, Virginia,
this is what I love about this is it's the

803
00:59:23,200 --> 00:59:29,760
interplay of art and architecture and the
activism that you bring to the work as well,

804
00:59:29,760 --> 00:59:34,800
that there's a real application here to this,
to this material work that you're talking

805
00:59:34,800 --> 00:59:39,040
about sustainability, about challenging border
politics and so forth.

806
00:59:39,040 --> 00:59:44,720
We're just at San Jose State incredibly proud
of your work and your efforts and the fact

807
00:59:44,720 --> 00:59:46,960
that you're here with us leading.

808
00:59:46,960 --> 00:59:49,600
So thank you so much again for this talk.

809
00:59:49,600 --> 00:59:55,600
It was absolutely amazing for colleagues on
this topic., today, look out in about a week,

810
00:59:55,600 --> 00:59:57,120
it'll be up on scholar works.

811
00:59:57,120 --> 01:00:02,720
And you can watch it again and I'm sure Professor
San Fratello will be more than happy to answer

812
01:00:02,720 --> 01:00:06,560
questions by e-mail and other mediums about,
about this work.

813
01:00:06,560 --> 01:00:09,120
And thank you again everybody for tuning in.

814
01:00:09,120 --> 01:00:10,240
We really appreciate it.

815
01:00:11,360 --> 01:00:13,840
Thank you.

816
01:00:13,840 --> 01:00:19,564
[Music]