WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:30.000 I appreciate. Thank you welcome everybody. it's really exciting to have everyone here at our spring. 2,022 University Scholars series. we're gonna have an outstanding presentation today from our colleague in the department of history Dr. 00:01:55.000 --> 00:02:10.000 Alberto Garcia before we get into that. and some of the details about the talk I want to first. begin today with our land acknowledgement while we gather at San Jose State University. 00:02:10.000 --> 00:02:22.000 We are gathered on the ethno-historic tribal territory of that Men Aloni, who were direct ancestors of the lineages, enrolled in the Moek Maloney 00:02:22.000 --> 00:02:29.000 tribe, and who were missionized into Mission Santa Clara, San Jose, and the Lotus. 00:02:29.000 --> 00:02:48.000 The land on which San Jose State University is, and continues to be, of significance to the mock Maloney tribe. We also recognize that the ancestors of the Moek Maloney constructed and maintained the 00:02:48.000 --> 00:03:05.000 3, which were once located at the historic lobbied Nigga, Nan Grant, Rancho, Po, Solomon, Bosal, Forsolmi, Ipositas, the Lasanimas Little Wells of Souls and also 00:03:05.000 --> 00:03:20.000 Marcello, Peel, and Crystal Violence, Land, Grand Rancho, Willistak, which were places of celebration, and villagers, ceremonies as well. 00:03:20.000 --> 00:03:35.000 San Jose State University also desires to honor the military service of the wicked men and women who have honorably served overseas during World War. 00:03:35.000 --> 00:03:48.000 I world while we gather. So just a couple of quick announcements before we get into the programming live captioning Isn't enabled. 00:03:48.000 --> 00:03:56.000 And you can use that, and we are recording the webinar so that we have it available to those who might not be able to make it today. 00:03:56.000 --> 00:04:07.000 100 if you have any questions you can populate those in the Q. and A. Don't use the chat function. 00:04:07.000 --> 00:04:27.000 I'll be monitoring the Q and a area and helping to moderate questions after Alberto is done with this talk, 250. Of course, we have to thank all the contributors that make this possible. Obviously all the work that comes out of the office. 00:04:27.000 --> 00:04:57.000 Of the Provost mit ctl and so with that let me introduce our speaker. I am incredibly excited to hear this talk today, for those who don' faculty member and assistant professor in the department of history he's worked at a few other institutions lecturing before he 00:04:58.000 --> 00:05:18.000 joined us in 2,018 He received his PHD in history from the University of California, Berkeley in that year, and we were talking earlier. he's very close to the publication of a now 10 year project titled Abandoning their beloved land. 00:05:18.000 --> 00:05:48.000 The politics of he's had a number of conference presentations, and he's held fellowships and other sorts of things at places to our speaker today. 00:05:54.000 --> 00:06:05.000 Alberto Garcia to talk about faith Conflict and brassero Migration in Mexico's Alberto. All right. 00:06:05.000 --> 00:06:32.000 Well, good afternoon, everybody and thank you, Vin, for the kind introduction. Thank you. 00:06:32.000 --> 00:07:02.000 Of course, the Provost office and the Risk Advisory Council and the library. for inviting me to speak with all of you today. within the Risk Advisory Council. 00:07:07.000 --> 00:07:14.000 I do so. you're gonna be able to see my Powerpoint slides. 00:07:14.000 --> 00:07:44.000 Now. So if we were meeting in person, you know, if we were all gathered in person, this would be the moment where I would ask. but for those of you who maybe have never heard about the But I settle program or unfamiliar with it. 00:08:01.000 --> 00:08:17.000 Perhaps you need your memories. . the banaseto program is the name that's given to a bilateral Mexico. Us. 00:08:17.000 --> 00:08:38.000 Initiative between, and this agreement allowed Mexican men the program was only open to Mexican men to work in the United States as seasonal contract farm workers, and so they would come with a contract that usually ranged from 3 to 9 00:08:38.000 --> 00:09:01.000 months, and the name given to these seasonal guest workers was but as saddles but as settled as an old Spanish word. 00:09:01.000 --> 00:09:20.000 It means somebody who works with their arms, their Bressels but all told a total of 4.6, 5,000,000. 00:09:20.000 --> 00:09:50.000 But I said, Oh, contracts were issued now when you take into account those men who migrated us, but I said it was more than once, because you weren't just limited to one contract. 00:09:50.000 --> 00:09:57.000 You could get multiple contract. this Bilateral agreement and 00:09:57.000 --> 00:10:27.000 The majority of the venezuela's worked in the States of California and Texas, particularly in the agricultural reg, and there are many, not all. but there are many members of the Mexican origin community that lives in the us today. 00:10:44.000 --> 00:11:14.000 So these are Mexican immigrants, people born in the Us. of Mexican ancestry, who may identify as Mexican, American or chicanx, who their roots in the United States date back to the baccala program full 00:11:28.000 --> 00:11:34.000 disclosure after the basketball program ended. 00:11:34.000 --> 00:11:50.000 It was the younger relatives the younger acquaintances of But I said those who moved to the Us. because now I want to spend a few moments on the mechanics of the Brazil selection. process. 00:11:50.000 --> 00:11:59.000 How about our settles? were recruited mit Ctl. and how about settles? were chosen? 00:11:59.000 --> 00:12:06.000 And and this will be important as we move on to the end of the present. The Us. 00:12:06.000 --> 00:12:10.000 Requested a braceto quota, so the Us. 00:12:10.000 --> 00:12:22.000 Federal Government would contact its counterparts in Mexico and say, We need X number of workers ready to cross the border into the United States on y date. 00:12:22.000 --> 00:12:49.000 So then the Mexican Federal Government took that quota, took that X number of workers that had been requested, and they divided that among the then State governments they received their quota, and they divided that quota among municipal 00:12:49.000 --> 00:13:02.000 governments, and in Mexico a municipality is the equivalent of a county in the Us. 00:13:02.000 --> 00:13:12.000 And in rural Mexico, so Federal government divides the quota among the States. 00:13:12.000 --> 00:13:39.000 State governments divided the quota among the municipalities, and then so the ones who actually made the choices to which interested rural workers would receive contracts, were municipal officials and then Those who were chosen would go to contracting, centers and then they would go to the border, and then They would enter 00:13:39.000 --> 00:14:09.000 the Mit The Federal Government attempted to centralize the selection process in Mexico City, and asks everyone who was interested in Migr and the State governments were afraid of overextending their administrative capacities they were afraid that if they tried to centralize 00:14:33.000 --> 00:14:55.000 the So that again, again, though that's the the mechanics of the brasseto selection process didn't need to go back to apologies for that. And this is the type of document that I work with publicity broadsides like this would announce you know the 00:14:55.000 --> 00:15:12.000 recruitment dates. The selection dates you know where you needed to go if you wanted to find information on things of that nature, this one. 00:15:12.000 --> 00:15:29.000 This was from June of 19. So where were the brassettes from one of the interesting things that I found in my research? 00:15:29.000 --> 00:15:43.000 And actually this was something that was already known before I began by research is that at least 44% of the Brazil so close to the majority were from 5 States. 00:15:43.000 --> 00:15:48.000 The State of a Gascalian Test State Ofwan Aquato. 00:15:48.000 --> 00:15:52.000 The state of Hallisco, the state of nitrogen which is where full disclosure. 00:15:52.000 --> 00:16:05.000 That's where my family is originally from and the State of Sakata. So these are 5 States. They're in Central Mexico. So these States received at least 44% of all the contract. but These States. 00:16:05.000 --> 00:16:11.000 Were only home to one fifth of mexico's total population so combine. 00:16:11.000 --> 00:16:21.000 These States were home to one-fifth of mexico's total population, and yet they're sending almost half of all the but assetos to the United States. 00:16:21.000 --> 00:16:29.000 And this disproportionate sending pattern. it continued at least through the end of the twentieth century. 00:16:29.000 --> 00:16:51.000 Because at the end of the twentieth century was about, it was estimated that 4344% of the Mexican immigrant population in the United States And again you know the Federal Government, made the decision and when the Federal Government, when I began researching Federal documents 00:16:51.000 --> 00:17:11.000 all Mit, and so to give you an idea of where these States are so the following slides are some maps, and so here's the map of me. 00:17:11.000 --> 00:17:33.000 And so these States they're within the red rectangle right here, so, as you say, Central Mexico, not particularly close to the border in either of these States. and here's a close-up shot of the State So again It's the states of Kalisko Saka 00:17:33.000 --> 00:17:53.000 techas I was scalient tests one a quadruple, and me truck that so in Central Mexico, just to the west of the valley of Mexico, which is where Mexico City is now, then digging Deeper 00:17:53.000 --> 00:17:57.000 so most of the but or a plurality of the Butassetos are from these 5 States. 00:17:57.000 --> 00:18:13.000 But within these 5 States you'll recall that I said that okay, the Federal Government allocated contracts to the State governments, State governments, allocated contracts to municipal governments within these 5 States the government's 00:18:13.000 --> 00:18:32.000 there they and and this varied from year to year. but they distributed either the majority or the plurality of their contract allocations to Munic, and the greater I heal that Oh, that region is the contiguous land of southern 00:18:32.000 --> 00:18:42.000 Watanaku Northern Mexican northeast and Kalisko, Southwestern Iwascalientes, and Southern Takas. 00:18:42.000 --> 00:19:00.000 And so roughly roughly speaking, you'll see this Oval here, so roughly contiguous with this area here so southern psychopathic gas, southwestern Igos kalamas, Northeastern kalisko southern Juan aquato and the northern Plains of 00:19:00.000 --> 00:19:17.000 Mitraka. So this this is the region these municipalities there receive either the the majority or the plurality of contracts within these States, and also within these States. 00:19:17.000 --> 00:19:30.000 This is usually where interest in migrating was highest. For example, there were some years in one aquato where more than 80% of the contract requests came from the southern part of the State. 00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:38.000 In Michigan it So even within these States there was this disproportionate demand level. 00:19:38.000 --> 00:19:52.000 Now this region, the greater Vajo, the the the contiguous lands of southern psychathekus and southwestern. 00:19:52.000 --> 00:20:02.000 I was ell the decades prior to the veraceto program. 00:20:02.000 --> 00:20:11.000 This region was the cradle of conservative Catholic opposition to the Mexican Revolutionary State. 00:20:11.000 --> 00:20:17.000 Mexico underwent a revolutionary process that began in 1,910. 00:20:17.000 --> 00:20:40.000 He had a decade of intense in fighting essentially a civil war between initially, that began between the revolutionaries and the sitting government at the time, and then a civil war between the and in the 1920 s and the 1930 S is the period of revolutionary reconstruction the Mexican State 00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:46.000 rebuild the governments of the 1,900 twentys, and the 1,900 thirtys. 00:20:46.000 --> 00:20:50.000 They were not fans of the Catholic churches, cultural and social power. 00:20:50.000 --> 00:21:05.000 Mexico being a predominantly Catholic nation. and so they began pursuing official anti-clerical measures meant to reduce the number of active priests in Mexico meant to reduce their participation 00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:14.000 in the revolutionary, government's also viewed land concentration as something that was holding back Mexico's progress as a nation. and so they began. 00:21:14.000 --> 00:21:19.000 They launched initiatives to redistribute privately owned lands. 00:21:19.000 --> 00:21:41.000 This was a land redistribution system that would expropriate and redistribute privately owned lands and the beneficiaries of the land would own youth rights to the land 200 and but they would not own the land itself. the mexican revolutionary Agrarian, reform the Federal government retained de Facto 00:21:41.000 --> 00:21:51.000 own. This was seeing as a mechanism to make sure that redistributed lands were immediately sold back or gobbled up by private landowners. 00:21:51.000 --> 00:22:19.000 The revolutionary or the or the governments of revolutionary reconstruction also implemented what they called a Socialist public education curriculum, and so so a curriculum that in addition to literacy, and math also taught a more marxist interpretation, of mexican 00:22:19.000 --> 00:22:37.000 history oppressed classes, being, or, you know, particularly rural classes, being oppressed by landowners taught about the redemptive value, fiddle, anti-clericalism, the redistribution of privately owned 00:22:37.000 --> 00:22:44.000 lands. The Socialist public education, Curriculum It went over like a lead balloon in the greater bacill 00:22:44.000 --> 00:23:14.000 Mexico is a predominantly catholic country, as I've already mentioned, but the greater vaccines that go beyond the scope of this talk. The Catholic church's institutional strength in the greater vacillo 00:23:28.000 --> 00:23:39.000 was, and Erez Agmoni, a Catholic doctrine, social Catholicism. 00:23:39.000 --> 00:24:09.000 This is a doctrine that emerged region where the Church has a lot of institutional power, where many are, are very faithful, very, very supportive of the Church. And then you have a doctrine a very popular doctrine. 00:24:26.000 --> 00:24:35.000 And and social Catholic doctrine. This is a doct, social, Catholic doctrine, also championed the sanctity of private property. 00:24:35.000 --> 00:25:05.000 And so that clashed head on with the revolutionary agrarian reform, which, as I explained, called for the redistribution of privately so, the institutional strength of the Church a prevalence of social Catholic doctrine in the greater raja generated a very conservative Catholic 00:25:11.000 --> 00:25:34.000 oppos, and the most significant flashpoint of this opposition was the Christetto War a conflict from 1920 rebellion against the Federal Government, whose goal was to topple the Revolutionary. 00:25:34.000 --> 00:25:51.000 There was cicado activity throughout Mexico, but it was concentrated in the but I said, ascending States, and particularly in the greater Mahal. two-thirds of the activity steados were from the principle of asset ascending 00:25:51.000 --> 00:25:59.000 States. so two-thirds and the number of actively settles varied between 50,000 and a 100,000 two-thirds of them were from the principal. 00:25:59.000 --> 00:26:10.000 But I said all sending States and what ultimately happened was that the Federal Government enlisted agriculture and militias as auxiliary. 00:26:10.000 --> 00:26:27.000 So in a Granisha is somebody who supported the agrarian reform. rural workers who supported Ziagarian reform land redistribution rural workers who had formed their own militi who are then called upon as 00:26:27.000 --> 00:26:36.000 auxiliaries, take the fight to the Christians, to the conservative Catholic partisans who had rebelled against the Federal Government. 00:26:36.000 --> 00:26:43.000 The war essentially ended in a stalemate essentially ended in a stalemate. 00:26:43.000 --> 00:26:58.000 In 1,929 then moving into the 1,900 thirtys for Mercury Steados began joining conservative Catholic opposition groups like the Onion Nassion Nazi Nadista the National Synarchist Union This was an organization. 00:26:58.000 --> 00:27:04.000 That was established in 1,937 by 1,943. 00:27:04.000 --> 00:27:17.000 It had close to 400,000 members nationwide. two-thirds of them were from the States of our was talented. when Aquato, Halisco, Mitchukan, and Sakata, so again you know that 00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:32.000 this the strength of the conservative Catholic opposition endured in this region, and then, even though conservative Catholic partisans, they never tried to challenge the Federal Government in the same way that they did during the 1,900 and Twentys 00:27:32.000 --> 00:27:47.000 but community level clashes between Agraristas members of these militias that supported land redistribution for mercury steados, many of whom had joined the Senate Kista organization. 00:27:47.000 --> 00:28:01.000 We continued into the 1,900 sixtys you have reports from community officials as late as 1,963, where they say that the factions who have been fighting each other since the 1,900 and 00:28:01.000 --> 00:28:06.000 twentys have robbed our community of of peace tranquility or order. 00:28:06.000 --> 00:28:16.000 That's from 1963 and in that communicate from community officials. This is from each truck. Then the community officials noted. 00:28:16.000 --> 00:28:31.000 These are the same people who have been fighting each other since the s. and and I talked about the Agarista Militias, the militias. 00:28:31.000 --> 00:28:44.000 It's important land Redistribution this is my great grandfather, Yofilo Francis Fahrenheito, who was a member of the Agonadista Militias in the State of 00:28:44.000 --> 00:29:08.000 mitochondri. So the big question that drove my research when I began it was, did the strength of the conservative Catholic opposition in the Greater Bahiao influence its development into a Brazil sending region so in other 00:29:08.000 --> 00:29:14.000 words. Is this just a simple correlation? or is there actually causation? 00:29:14.000 --> 00:29:22.000 Is there an actual link between the conservative Catholic opposition, the strength of the conservative Catholic opposition in this region of Mexico? 00:29:22.000 --> 00:29:38.000 And then it's emergence. and its consolidation into a migrant sending region during the middle decades of the twentieth century. And again that continued through the end of the twentieth century and what I found in the course of my research that the answer is 00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:51.000 Yes, these 5 States and the greater by heal they're their history, I mean they're relatively recent history as the significant source of migrants of U S. 00:29:51.000 --> 00:30:07.000 Found migrates it's inextricably linked to their history as the bastion of conservative Catholic opposition to the revolutionary state, because those endemic conflicts those intra-community 00:30:07.000 --> 00:30:13.000 conflicts that began in the 1920 S. and were still going on in the 1960 S. 00:30:13.000 --> 00:30:18.000 They led to landlessness. they led to unemployment. 00:30:18.000 --> 00:30:26.000 They led to under employment, and it was those landless unemployed under employed rural workers. 00:30:26.000 --> 00:30:32.000 From this region of mass, so who requested Brasero contracts. 00:30:32.000 --> 00:30:39.000 But again, you know the Federal Government they're just seeing this demand the Federal Government has divorced itself from the selection process. 00:30:39.000 --> 00:30:44.000 They're not seeing the real reason why so many are interested in migrating. 00:30:44.000 --> 00:30:59.000 But when you dig in to the request, the written requests that rural workers from this region made Excuse me. that rural workers from this region made you see the links. 00:30:59.000 --> 00:31:13.000 You see the connections. Another thing that I found during the course of my research as well is that let's strengthen the conservative Catholic opposition in this region of Mexico also influenced the vassal selection process so it wasn't just 00:31:13.000 --> 00:31:27.000 influencing individual decisions to migraine. It was also influencing how individual that settles were chosen. and remember that was something that municipal officials were in charge of 250, So right Now, 00:31:27.000 --> 00:31:33.000 I mentioned the written contract request. It was requests like this. 00:31:33.000 --> 00:31:40.000 You know the fact that the Mexican Government was actively involved in attempting to manage the migratory process. 00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:56.000 It produced a wealth of written contract requests like this that were usually sent to Federal officials, state officials, local officials folks detailing why they wanted to migrate During the course of my research, I examined approximately 3,000 of these 00:31:56.000 --> 00:32:08.000 requests from the 5 States that I study this request was written in July of 1,960, and I'm going to reference it in my next slide. 00:32:08.000 --> 00:32:18.000 So I want to end to spend these last few minutes, just going through some examples of how these conflicts influence individual decisions, to migrate. 00:32:18.000 --> 00:32:23.000 How these conflicts influenced the Brazil selection process itself. 00:32:23.000 --> 00:32:37.000 Again. All of these examples are from the greater vacill, the contiguous land of Southern Juanacquato, Northern Meatoka, and Northeastern Hallisco southwestern 00:32:37.000 --> 00:32:40.000 igosalientes Southern psychoticas. 00:32:40.000 --> 00:32:55.000 So The first example that I will talk of is from the state of one, I thought, from Brezza de la Guate, which is nearly in the municipality of Pennsylvania, now an agrarian reform community was 00:32:55.000 --> 00:33:00.000 established in precedent that Wakata, in 1,936. 00:33:00.000 --> 00:33:08.000 But Ben Hammo was a municipality, where, at least for supporters of the agrarian reform beneficiaries of the agrarian reform. 00:33:08.000 --> 00:33:13.000 They wielded power in that municipality. 00:33:13.000 --> 00:33:16.000 They were the faction that had the strongest hand, that municipality. 00:33:16.000 --> 00:33:29.000 So you have these conflicts, you know, continuing on into the fortys fiftys and sixtys. but in the municipality of Pennsylvania, and in breasts of the Lava that day it was usually the agraristas 00:33:29.000 --> 00:33:40.000 who instigated the conflicts, and usually they were initiating land invasions in an attempt to acquire more lands for their agrarian reform communities. 00:33:40.000 --> 00:33:44.000 These were often very, I mean very bloody conflicts. 00:33:44.000 --> 00:33:55.000 In fact, one military officer describing the conflicts in Benkamo in 1,999, wrote that they all end in blood, death, and the destruction of entire families. 00:33:55.000 --> 00:34:05.000 So in presto, the lava kate, even though an agrarian reform community there had been established there in 1,936. 00:34:05.000 --> 00:34:08.000 The Agaristas, the supporters of the agrarian reform. 00:34:08.000 --> 00:34:17.000 There launched a series of land invasions against their conservative castle, rivals against those lands that had not yet been in procreated. 00:34:17.000 --> 00:34:23.000 These land invasions began shortly after the agrarian reform community was established. 00:34:23.000 --> 00:34:27.000 They continued into the 1940 S. and the 1950 S. 00:34:27.000 --> 00:34:33.000 And what ended up happening is that in in this community those whose lands had been invaded. 00:34:33.000 --> 00:34:40.000 They are the ones who begin requesting braceto contracts, who begin migrating as brassettes. 00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:45.000 2 victims of a land invasion in July, of 1,948. 00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:58.000 We in their request that the mutilation of our modest holdings has prompted us to consider abandoning our dearly beloved land to search for work as but as settles in the United States. 00:34:58.000 --> 00:35:10.000 But again all linked to the land invasion. you know, it was linked to the land invasion, the land invasion, the loss of their lands, the continuing conflicts between these factions of Benjamin in Prisons of the 00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:15.000 la Guate, we agrarist that's holding the upper hand. 00:35:15.000 --> 00:35:23.000 That's what pushed the victims of land invasions to begin migrating, or to begin consider migrating to the U. 00:35:23.000 --> 00:35:41.000 S. Brazilos. so that's one example another example is San Quassee, a rural community in the State of Alisco, which is in the municipality of the Patti Lan and the written contract request that I showed you in the last Slide is from Sunhost to the 00:35:41.000 --> 00:35:46.000 grassland, now in in the municipality of Benjamin. 00:35:46.000 --> 00:35:58.000 It was the Agaristas who held the upper hand the municipality of the Pakistan, and in communities like San Jose Gracia, it's the conservative Catholic landowners landowners who 00:35:58.000 --> 00:36:01.000 oppose land redistribution, not just because then their material. 00:36:01.000 --> 00:36:18.000 It trips as landowners, but because of their spiritual interests as devout Catholics, who believed that the redistribution of private property was a violation of God's divine plan, so in san quentin aggressia the landowners organize 00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:24.000 their own militias, and they violently prevented the redistribution of any lands there. 00:36:24.000 --> 00:36:30.000 Usually the way that they did that is that the land redistribution process would begin with a census meeting. 00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:38.000 Those who are interested in acquiring redistributed lands would meet for a census. They would write their names down, and then send that request. 00:36:38.000 --> 00:36:53.000 You know, up the chain of officials. But whenever anything like that happened in San Jose aggression, the landowners would show up with their militias, and they would violently break up the meeting and this was a constant cycle in 00:36:53.000 --> 00:37:22.000 San Francisco degradation during a county executive here in the United States, or County Commissioner in , requested military aid because of the numerous scand but the conservative Catholic Landowners in San Francisco 00:37:22.000 --> 00:37:27.000 one. There was never an agrarian reform community established there. 00:37:27.000 --> 00:37:41.000 In fact, in the municipality of thepathy clan from 1,915, which is when the land redistribution process began in Mexico through 1964, which is when the vocal program ended, there was 00:37:41.000 --> 00:37:55.000 only 1 one agrarian reform community established in the entire municipality in that rural jurisdiction. By contrast in Ben Kamala the one I thought the municipality that I just spoke of right now during that same time 00:37:55.000 --> 00:38:13.000 period 141 agrarian reform communities were established during that period. so the complete lack of agrarian reform communities and depth and in communities like sandhosts that Yeah, that shows the strength of the conservative catholic 00:38:13.000 --> 00:38:19.000 opposition. So it ended up happening. is that landless rural workers again migrating as brassettes. 00:38:19.000 --> 00:38:27.000 Pedro Carmona. Vera is the name of the Braceto who wrote the request that I showed you in the previous slide. 00:38:27.000 --> 00:38:33.000 In that request he migrated, as I said. Oh, he began migrating in something I said, Oh, in the late 1940 S. 00:38:33.000 --> 00:38:37.000 Continued migrating as a but I said, oh, through the early 1,900 sixtys. 00:38:37.000 --> 00:38:49.000 But he explained him that request, and in interviews that he did for an oral history project that's run out of the Smithsonian. explain the reason I was migrating is something I said Oh, is I was a landless 00:38:49.000 --> 00:38:55.000 day labor. You know I was a landless day laborer. I usually could only find work 2 to 3 days per week. 00:38:55.000 --> 00:39:07.000 There was no hopes of me acquiring any lands in San One of his neighbors, and Daniel Nuno Gonzalez, who also migrated as a Brazil during the 1950 S. 00:39:07.000 --> 00:39:18.000 And the 1960 S. He explained that when he was a a child and a young man growing up only time that his parents had access to lands and San Francisco ages, Yeah, was, if they entered into share cropping agreements 00:39:18.000 --> 00:39:32.000 with the local landowners and those sharecropping agreements, they usually had to surrender a minimum of half of their maze harvest in payment for change for using the land owners lance. 00:39:32.000 --> 00:39:49.000 So none neither got more avara nor municipalis, and none of their requests, and none of their interviews. Neither of them ever reveals what their stance on land redist It ultimately didn't matter because no lands. 00:39:49.000 --> 00:39:56.000 Were being redistributed into San Jose. They guess. Yes, So that limited their economic opportunities. 00:39:56.000 --> 00:40:10.000 So another taste that I want to talk about and This is the case of Chengito Mitra. Then this is in the municipality of Churincio. this is my family's hometown So this is where my family is originally 00:40:10.000 --> 00:40:18.000 from and there what happened in Chong Guitar is, There was an agrarian reform community established there in 1,936. 00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:27.000 But the former Kitty Steados refused to accept the redistributed lands. because it just it went against their religious beliefs. 00:40:27.000 --> 00:40:40.000 Also the local parish priests were threatened to excommunicate anyone who accepted redistributed lands, so the former penicillas refused to accept the redistributed lands based on their religious beliefs, 00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:54.000 2, and then it was the people who began migrating from Cheng Guito were the landlords or periphery Steados, or the children of landlords Formerly, so So I showed the picture of my maternal 00:40:54.000 --> 00:41:01.000 grandfather, his father, refused to join the agrarian reform community based on his deeply held Catholic belief. 00:41:01.000 --> 00:41:13.000 So. my grandfather, in large part, was landless because his father had refused to accept plans because of his 200 deeply held Catholic faith. 00:41:13.000 --> 00:41:29.000 In fact, my great grandfather threatened to leave the community reform if any lands there were ever redistributed, but he eventually backed down from that threat reportedly because my great grandmother with him But again. 00:41:29.000 --> 00:41:39.000 You know the the legacy of the conflict influencing the demand for but I set out contracts in my family's home town 200. 00:41:39.000 --> 00:41:45.000 The last few things that I want to talk about, and I know that I only have a few minutes left. 00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:54.000 And actually to the picture of my or at least the lands surrounding my family's hometown This is the view from behind my grandmother's house 200. 00:41:54.000 --> 00:42:09.000 And this is the last slide. And so I just want to touch upon how the the strength of the conservative Catholic opposition influenced the brassettle selection process in the municipality of one needle 00:42:09.000 --> 00:42:12.000 that nitrogen. So this is in the municipality. 00:42:12.000 --> 00:42:30.000 Intro community clashes there resumed during the 1,900 fortys. And what ended up happening is that the municipal government in 1,945 They formed an alliance with the local Senate Kistak chapter the senate kisses 00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:37.000 A. In this municipality the municipal government formed a partnership, formed an alliance with the scenario. 00:42:37.000 --> 00:42:45.000 Eastas, and during the 1,900 fortys only active scenarios were selected as brassettes. 00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:49.000 The dismay of everyone who was not a scenarioista. 00:42:49.000 --> 00:43:03.000 There. So there's that example, and then the final example is from the municipality of Vita Portuguan Aquato, where in the 1,900 fiftys, the municipal government, didn't form an alliance with the 00:43:03.000 --> 00:43:08.000 Cnn keysts, but did establish a quid pro quo agreement with that. 00:43:08.000 --> 00:43:23.000 The municipal government agreed to select senior kisses with Bracetos, and in exchange the senate Kistas would stop being overly hostile to the municipal would stop being overtly hostile to their 00:43:23.000 --> 00:43:32.000 counterparts who supported land redistribution. This quid pro quo agreement also had an added benefit for the municipal government. 00:43:32.000 --> 00:43:44.000 The fin arkista Brasseros were working in the United States during that year's presidential election in Mexico, which meant that they could not muck up the electoral process. 00:43:44.000 --> 00:43:58.000 In any way shape or form. So so that's it so those were the examples that I wanted to talk about. And again, you know, the last thing that I wanted to say is that you know again at least in this region of Mexico you know 00:43:58.000 --> 00:44:01.000 the the history of conservative Catholic opposition. 00:44:01.000 --> 00:44:11.000 You know the history of that deeply held piety influencing political beliefs, and the history of migration to the United States inextricably late at least, in this region of Mexico. 00:44:11.000 --> 00:44:25.000 My big argument is, you cannot talk about one without talking about the other. So thank you very much, and I look forward to answering your questions, and i'll go ahead and stop the screen share now. Fantastic. 00:44:25.000 --> 00:44:42.000 Thank you so much for that. That was really quite fascinating It's just so much complexity packed into this very interesting kind of regional and global process. So we got a number of questions 00:44:42.000 --> 00:44:54.000 One of the first ones to pop is about 2 the conservative Catholic groups being dominant in the area and then influencing the the migration. 00:44:54.000 --> 00:45:08.000 The question is whether or not there were internal conflicts between Catholic groups, and whether it's any countervailing push from more progressive groups, either against the percent or program migrations or or that also played some role in the history of these 00:45:08.000 --> 00:45:16.000 migrations. Well, thank you for that question. So, at least in terms of how the Catholic Church viewed it. 00:45:16.000 --> 00:45:34.000 Interestingly enough, the Church hierarchy in Mexico at least initially, they were not big fans of the brazetto program, but their concerns is, they were worried that but a settlement would be exposed to Protestantism and that 00:45:34.000 --> 00:46:03.000 they would expose the Protestantism that this would allow Protestant missionaries to convert them to Protestantism and away from Catholicism. And there was also talk that you know that they would be exposed to what they viewed as the American vices of 00:46:03.000 --> 00:46:29.000 drinking and gambling, of course the mind the fact that you know there's consumption of alcohol and gambling in Mexico as well. 00:46:29.000 --> 00:46:59.000 The United in the bicycle program, not so much from the Church, but for more proponents of economic nationalism. 00:46:59.000 --> 00:47:11.000 And who viewed the Venezuela program, who viewed cooperation with the Us. 00:47:11.000 --> 00:47:18.000 As a betrayal of of economic nationalism. and of course. yeah, that's really an answer. The question. No, I think I think it does. 00:47:18.000 --> 00:47:34.000 I think it dives in and won't get into the The irony of the Catholic Church thinking that our Catholics thinking that private land is some innate right? 00:47:34.000 --> 00:47:50.000 You know The another question that came up was about the educational system, and perhaps what impact it might have had on the program Was there a mix of public and Catholic schooling? 00:47:50.000 --> 00:48:02.000 And did this have any impact? in relation to some of the things you're seeing in in the process. Well, yes, at least you know, rural education and much of Mexico had been the domain of the church since the 00:48:02.000 --> 00:48:13.000 colonial period. You begin to see the construction of a public education system, a secular public education system during the late nineteenth century, and this is in the context of nineteenth century liberalism. 00:48:13.000 --> 00:48:26.000 You know nineteenth century liberal anti-clericalism. but by the beginning of the twentieth century, you know that that public education infrastructure is still very very light. it's very it's it's I mean Perhaps the best 00:48:26.000 --> 00:48:38.000 adjective. it's skeletal you know like you can see it there, but it's nowhere near what the the Catholic church had. and so you know. Now not only do you have this new curriculum but you also have 00:48:38.000 --> 00:48:51.000 the governments of the 1,900 and twentieth of the 1,900 thirtys, that, investing more in public education, actually fleshing out that public education system. And I have communities that had never had a schoolhouse. 00:48:51.000 --> 00:48:54.000 Or a schoolteacher suddenly getting them, so that you know also. 00:48:54.000 --> 00:49:10.000 Yes, it was partly, you know, the curricular aspect of it as well. but there is also this idea that the Federal government or the government is now intruding in something that has long been the domain of the Church as well and so so 00:49:10.000 --> 00:49:22.000 different, you know, and then, and you know and I think it would have been one thing you know, because there were many you know parents and said, well like, if it's just about reading, and you know reading writing math you know that's fine. 00:49:22.000 --> 00:49:36.000 But you know, why are you? Why are you telling my children that private property is wrong, or that you know land redistribution is what's going to redeem You know you know the Mexican nation, or you know things of that 00:49:36.000 --> 00:49:40.000 nature and so many school teachers on the ground like they actually made a deal with the parents. Okay? 00:49:40.000 --> 00:49:57.000 Well, what if I don't teach you know about you know What if I just do reading and writing, and math will Well, you send them there? Oh, yeah, we'll send them men. And And so yes, it was partly that encroachment on something. 00:49:57.000 --> 00:50:02.000 That had long been the Cathol, but Socialist curriculum, which is what they called it. 00:50:02.000 --> 00:50:07.000 That was the official name. That sort of drove the opposition over the edge. 00:50:07.000 --> 00:50:13.000 Thank you for that. So here's another really interesting question how is the Bursaro program? 00:50:13.000 --> 00:50:20.000 And how are the preserres viewed by Mexicans that were already in the United States and their Mexican-american children? 00:50:20.000 --> 00:50:30.000 Was there conflict or pushback, you know, as there was, for example, in the great migration, you know, that happened of black and African Americans from the south to the North. 00:50:30.000 --> 00:50:44.000 Yeah. Well, I I think the title of a great book by Thatizabeth guitarist who focuses on this amply sums up what the the Mexican community that was already in the Us. 00:50:44.000 --> 00:50:52.000 How And so there were some of the established immigrant community and also the established Mexican American community. 00:50:52.000 --> 00:50:58.000 The term Chicago X. doesn't really emerge until the 1960 S. But there were some who, you know, saw this syntax. 00:50:58.000 --> 00:51:08.000 It's like, Okay, Well, you know what these are are 200, You know not literal brothers. but you know these are our brothers who are coming over, you know, like we should do our best to welcome them. 00:51:08.000 --> 00:51:21.000 You know. try to make sure that you know that they're not the victims of discrimination, you know, trying to make sure that they are being paid with. the you know the growers or say that they are paying them but there are others who oppose the vessel program and many of them 100 00:51:21.000 --> 00:51:26.000 and partly there was a labor argument. you know the I the Minnesota's are, you know. 00:51:26.000 --> 00:51:40.000 Okay, the justification when the vessel program began was they're replacing the young American men who are mobilizing to fight in World War Ii. But then the program continued after the war ended because farmers in California and Texas much like they do today, 00:51:40.000 --> 00:51:47.000 like having access to a low wage. You know immigrant workforce. that, you know, is discouraged from forming unions. 00:51:47.000 --> 00:51:55.000 So you know. Well, You know they're taking jobs away they could be going to us born workers. they're you know they're depressing wages. 00:51:55.000 --> 00:52:06.000 They're being used strike breakers. But also there were several civil rights organization to at that time. you know they thought that assimilation into mainstream. 00:52:06.000 --> 00:52:18.000 English speaking culture was what the Mexican immigrant and the Mexican-american community needed to do it. And so you know. And so they thought that this influx of you know Mexican immigrants. you know, the majority of them. 00:52:18.000 --> 00:52:25.000 Spanish speakers. but they're also indigenous but I said, oh, as well, you know, or that came from indigenous communities. 00:52:25.000 --> 00:52:32.000 I thought that this is going to impact the of assimilation into mainstream English-speaking culture. 00:52:32.000 --> 00:52:35.000 This is also, you know, something that we need to push back again. 00:52:35.000 --> 00:52:43.000 So you know it varied 200 awesome well i'm gonna do one last question because I think that's what we have time for. 00:52:43.000 --> 00:52:58.000 I want to let everybody know, though, as well that the deadlines coming up for the Sjsu annual author and artist celebration, I just put the link to the foreman. So if you haven't had a chance yet to submit your material do 00:52:58.000 --> 00:53:02.000 that. So I think, probably with the time we have remaining. 00:53:02.000 --> 00:53:21.000 One more question that came up that there i'll just read it because it's probably easy to try and summarize it. I understand the wartime motivation. the United States government in setting up the braceto program But i'm interested how and if World war ii played any role from the mexican perspective in the first 00:53:21.000 --> 00:53:34.000 years a big role. you know Mexico along with Brazil. were the principal Latin American members of the anti-axis alliance. 00:53:34.000 --> 00:53:43.000 And so in Mexico. What it began this is our Mexico's contribution to the war effort. You know we're an ally. 00:53:43.000 --> 00:53:49.000 This is our contribution to the war effort you know our brass settles who are working in the fields of California and Texas 200. 00:53:49.000 --> 00:53:53.000 Maybe They're not on the front lines Maybe they're not mobilizing for the Pacific. 00:53:53.000 --> 00:53:57.000 They're not mobilizing for North Africa you know or you know. 00:53:57.000 --> 00:54:04.000 Eventually the Europe or the Western European Theater. But they are. they are, you know, part of the fight for democracy as much as anyone else. 00:54:04.000 --> 00:54:21.000 And so this was definitely, you know, in you know in 200 in the public justification on the Mexican side very much a part of it as well, but very much in the idea that you know the br you know their own kind of foot soldier in the fight for democracy and this is mexico's 00:54:21.000 --> 00:54:29.000 contribution. This is how Mexico is going to make sure that the axis is defeated by helping the United States in this way. awesome Well, again. 00:54:29.000 --> 00:54:52.000 Alberta. Thank you so much, and, by the way, makes me want to take one of your classes. it's just absolutely dynamic and engaging presentation today, and thank you for kicking off the series for everybody else you know as I noted please get your author 00:54:52.000 --> 00:55:02.000 an artist celebration material in the link is in the chat right now, so you can click it before you go and check out the next couple of present.