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Abstract

Police militarization has become a global trend in recent decades across many democratic societies, often justified as a necessary improvement in policing to address contemporary threats. This shift not only changes police agencies’ equipment but also their organizational structure, training, operations, and culture, raising concerns about its impact on democratic policing practices, public safety, and civil liberties. This study examines the historical and structural developments behind this trend, focusing on military-grade equipment transfers, firearms availability, and the global diffusion of militarized security models as key drivers. Using a qualitative comparative case analysis, the research finds that police militarization is shaped by security threats, political narratives, and international security partnerships. Evidence shows that militarization blurs the line between military and policing roles, increases the use of force, erodes police legitimacy, and weakens democratic policing principles. The study suggests that reforms should focus on limiting transfers of military-grade equipment to local law enforcement agencies, strengthening firearm regulations, enhancing civilian oversight, and promoting de-escalation training in policing.

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