Publication Date
9-1-2024
Document Type
Article
Publication Title
Water (Switzerland)
Volume
16
Issue
18
DOI
10.3390/w16182696
Abstract
This study was conducted in Ekpoma, a town dependent on rainwater and river water from nearby areas because of a lack of groundwater sources, and the physicochemical and bacteriological (heterotrophic plate count [HPC], total coliform count [TCC], and fecal coliform count [FCC]) properties of 123 stored river water samples grouped into five collection districts (EK1 to EK5). The results were compared with regulatory standards and previous regional studies to identify water quality trends. While most physicochemical properties met drinking water standards, 74% of samples had pH values > 8.5. Twenty-seven samples were fit for drinking, with EK4 having the highest number of bacterio-logically unsuitable samples. Ten bacterial species were identified, with Gram-negative short-rod species such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhimurium being predominant. HPC values varied from 367 × 10⁴ to 1320 × 10⁴ CFU/mL, with EK2 (2505 × 10⁴ CFU/mL) and EK5 (1320 × 10⁴ CFU/mL) showing particularly high counts. The TCC values ranged from 1049 × 10⁴ to 4400 × 10⁴ CFU/mL, and the FCC values from 130 × 10⁴ to 800 × 10⁴ CFU/mL, all exceeding WHO limits (1.0 × 102 CFU/mL). Historical data show no improvement in water quality, emphasizing the need for individuals to treat water properly before consumption. The findings provide baseline data for local water authorities and serve as a wake-up call for adequate water treatment, storage interventions, and community education on water security. Additionally, this study offers a practical process for improving the quality of water stored in similar regions.
Keywords
contamination, fecal coliform, microbial water quality, pathogen detection, water management, water scarcity
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Department
Marketing and Business Analytics
Recommended Citation
Imokhai T. Tenebe, Eunice O. Babatunde, Nkpa M. Ogarekpe, Joshua Emakhu, Egbe Etu Etu, Onome C. Edo, Maxwell Omeje, and Nsikak U. Benson. "Detection and Measurement of Bacterial Contaminants in Stored River Water Consumed in Ekpoma" Water (Switzerland) (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182696
