Publication Date

6-24-2026

Document Type

Article

Publication Title

Astrophysical Journal Letters

Volume

1005

Issue

1

DOI

10.3847/2041-8213/ae77ef

Abstract

NGC 1052-DF2 and DF4 are two ultradiffuse galaxies deficient in dark matter (DM) and reported as part of a remarkable linear trail of dwarf galaxies in the NGC 1052 field. Recently, NGC 1052-DF9 has been identified as the third galaxy missing DM along the trail. This structure may have been formed in a high-velocity head-on collision between two gas-rich dwarfs, known as the “bullet-dwarf” scenario. However, the trail overlaps in projection with a foreground system, the NGC 1035 group at ∼13 Mpc, raising suspicions that the trail is an artifact of this superposition. DF2 and DF4 have been found to be at distances of 21.7 ± 1.2 and 20.0 ± 1.6 Mpc, respectively, using the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) method with deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging, but the distances to other trail dwarfs remain unknown. In this Letter, we use HST imaging to obtain surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) distance estimates for eight candidate trail dwarfs, as well as for the giant galaxies NGC 1052 and NGC 1035. We find that the dwarfs are all at ∼20 Mpc and are not associated with the foreground NGC 1035 group. However, for DF2, we derive an SBF distance of 17.7 ± 1.4 Mpc, inconsistent with the published HST TGRB distance (21.7 ± 1.2 Mpc). Meanwhile, James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations of DF2 offer a second, and potentially more accurate, TRGB distance of 17.6 ± 0.6 Mpc. While this value matches our SBF result, it is clear that uniform JWST imaging of the remaining trail dwarfs is critically needed.

Funding Number

AST-2308390

Funding Sponsor

National Science Foundation

Keywords

Dark matter (353), Dwarf galaxies (416), Galaxy distances (590)

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Department

Physics and Astronomy

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