Document Type

Article

Publication Date

April 2019

Publication Title

Journal of Climate

Volume

32

Issue Number

7

DOI

10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0232.1

ISSN

0894-8755

Disciplines

Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology | Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Abstract

Cloud phase and relative humidity (RH) distributions at -67°–0°C over the Southern Ocean during austral summer are compared between in situ airborne observations and global climate simulations. A scale-aware comparison is conducted using horizontally averaged observations from 0.1–50 km. Cloud phase frequencies, RH distributions and liquid mass fraction are found less affected by horizontal resolutions than liquid and ice water content (LWC, IWC), liquid and ice number concentrations (Ncliq, Ncice), and ice supersaturation (ISS) frequency. At -10°–0°C, observations show 27%–34% and 17%–37% of liquid and mixed phases, while simulations show 60%–70% and 3%–4%, respectively. Simulations overestimate (underestimate) LWC and Ncliq in liquid (mixed) phase, overestimate Ncice in mixed phase, underestimate IWC in ice and mixed phases, and underestimate (overestimate) liquid mass fraction below (above) -5°C, indicating that observational constraints are needed for different cloud phases. RH frequently occurs at liquid saturation in liquid and mixed phases for all datasets, yet the observed RH in ice phase can deviate from liquid saturation by up to 20%–40% at -20°–0°C, indicating that the model assumption of liquid saturation for coexisting ice and liquid is inaccurate for low liquid mass fractions (<0.1). Simulations lack RH variability for partial cloud fractions (0.1–0.9) and underestimate (overestimate) ISS frequency for cloud fraction<0.1 (≥0.6), implying that improving RH subgrid-scale parameterizations may be a viable path to account for small-scale processes that affect RH and cloud phase heterogeneities. Two sets of simulations (i.e., nudged, collocated and free-running) show very similar results (except for ISS frequency) regardless of sample sizes, corroborating the statistical robustness of the model-observation comparisons.

Comments

This is the pre-print/pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: D’Alessandro, J., M. Diao, C. Wu,, X. Liu, B. Stephens, and J.B. Jensen. (2019). Cloud phase and relative humidity distributions over the Southern Ocean in austral summer based on in situ observations and CAM5 simulations. Journal of Climate, 32(7). The publisher's version of this article can be found online at this link.
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