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Abstract

This paper delves into the complex concept of human rights, examining its historical evolution and contemporary significance through the perspectives of Lynn Hunt's "Inventing Human Rights," Michelline R. Ishay's "The History of Human Rights," and Samuel Moyn's "The Last Utopia." Hunt's work explores the 18th-century Enlightenment, highlighting the political foundations of natural, equal, and universal rights. Ishay provides a comprehensive account spanning ancient civilizations to modern globalization, emphasizing the dynamic nature of human rights struggles. Moyn challenges conventional views, asserting the mid-20th century emergence of contemporary human rights amidst the Cold War and failed utopian visions. While each historian offers unique insights, common themes emerge, including analyses of historical breakthroughs and pivotal social movements. The exploration encompasses key milestones, from the Enlightenment to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and contemporary challenges. Examining the relationship between human rights and political ideologies like nationalism, socialism/communism, and colonialism/anti-colonialism, this paper underscores the dynamic nature of human rights amid societal shifts. Additionally, it delves into ongoing affairs, exploring the present state of human rights activism intersecting with globalization. By synthesizing these perspectives, this paper aims to offer a comprehensive narrative on the intricate dimensions of human rights, contributing to a deeper understanding of its historical roots and contemporary relevance.

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